Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv: cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv: cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv: cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog

Video: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv: cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog

Video: Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv: cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Cov me nyuam yeej ib txwm los ua ntej rau niam txiv. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub neej, nws views, worldview, cwj pwm, kev xav tom qab hloov. Txij lub sijhawm no mus, lub neej yuav siv lub ntsiab lus tshiab, tag nrho cov kev ua ntawm niam txiv tig los ntawm ib tus menyuam. Ua ke lawv kov yeej txhua qhov teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob, txij li thawj zaug, ib xyoos, thiab xaus nrog kev hluas thiab kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev muaj hnub nyoog. Hauv qhov no, tsis yog qhov kawg yog muab rau cov menyuam yaus cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thaum muaj hnub nyoog kawm ntawv qib pib.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev loj hlob nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog nyob rau hauv ntau lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam thiab tsim nws tus cwj pwm. Cwj pwm, cwj pwm, kev xav, kev ua - tag nrho cov no nyob ntawmKev sib raug zoo ntawm tus menyuam li cas. Tab sis dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem no? Dab tsi ntawm tus me nyuam txoj kev xav thiab kev loj hlob los ntawm cov niam txiv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib?

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Kev kub ntxhov xya xyoo

Nyob hauv lub neej ntawm txhua tus menyuam yaus muaj lub sijhawm thaum nws yog lub sijhawm kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool. Kindergarten thiab cov kws qhia ntawv raug hloov los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv. Tus menyuam tau ntsib los ntawm cov neeg paub tshiab, kev sib txuas lus tshiab, kev xav tshiab thiab kev xav. Nws yog nyob rau lub hnub nyoog no uas tus menyuam tau txais qhov kev kub ntxhov ntawm xya xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, thaum muaj hnub nyoog kawm ntawv theem pib, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws uas ua rau lawv tus kheej muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm tus menyuam tus cwj pwm:

  • Ua ntej, tus menyuam poob nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab pedagogical ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv. Yog hais tias ua ntej qhov kev xav ntawm cov crumbs tsis muaj peev xwm cais cov lus ntawm kev xav, thiab nws coj raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "Kuv xav li cas, ces kuv hais", ces nyob rau lub sij hawm no txhua yam hloov dramatically. Tsis xav tias theem no yog hu ua kev kub ntxhov: tus menyuam tau txais qee yam kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub siab, thiab qhov no tau cuam tshuam sab nraud ntawm nws tus cwj pwm. Nws tuaj yeem pib coj tus cwj pwm, grimacing, clowning nyob ib puag ncig, hloov nws lub suab, hloov nws txoj kev mus, sim tso dag thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nws niam nws txiv, cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm, thiab cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws. Tag nrho cov kev tshwm sim no qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam thiab nws txoj kev hloov mus rau theem tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob.
  • Thib ob, nws pib tshwm sim txhob txwm tshaj tawmtus cwj pwm neeg laus. Tus menyuam nrhiav kev tiv thaiv nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Nws qhia kev tsis lees paub yog tias nws tsis nyiam ib yam dab tsi, sim coj zoo li nws tau loj hlob mus rau qhov uas koj tuaj yeem qhia me ntsis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev txaus siab rau ib tus neeg zoo li, xav tau ntawm tus kheej yog tshwm sim. Tus me nyuam sim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev soj ntsuam tus kheej, kev rau txim rau tus kheej, kev tswj tus kheej, kev tswj tus kheej. Nws pib paub nrog cov neeg laus dua, zoo li yog nkag mus rau hauv lub luag haujlwm kev sib tham, ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas nws pom nws tus kheej. Nws tswj kom paub qhov txawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus: kev sib tham hloov pauv nyob ntawm seb nws puas tham nrog cov neeg laus lossis cov phooj ywg, txawm tias lawv yog cov neeg paub lossis cov neeg tsis paub. Nws pib qhia kev txaus siab rau cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm, thaum tsim kev sib raug zoo, kev hlub, kev sib hlub, kev phooj ywg tshwm sim.
  • Thib peb, hauv cov menyuam yaus, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhuab qhia qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm los txeeb lub sijhawm zoo los pib txoj kev kawm. Qhov ntawd yog, xya xyoo yog lub hnub nyoog thaum tus menyuam npaj txhij mus kawm, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv, kawm yam tshiab. Thiab ntawm no kev koom tes ntawm cov niam txiv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv hauv cov txheej txheem twb ua haujlwm, txij li yav tom ntej nws txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm lossis tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv zoo.
Hnub yug ntawm phooj ywg
Hnub yug ntawm phooj ywg

Muaj peev xwm lossis tsis muaj peev xwm

Kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub hnub nyoog pib hauv cov menyuam yaus kuj tau tshwm sim hauv lawv qhov kev txaus siab kawm: tus menyuam paub txog qib ntawm nws lub peev xwm, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau.hu rau, ua raws li cov txwj laus qhia rau nws. Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj hnub nyoog yog lub peev xwm ua tau raws li cov kev cai thiab cov lus qhia ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov niam txiv qhia nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li lub sij hawm no. Ib hom kev tsis txaus siab yog txuam nrog rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab hloov cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev xav. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj zaug yeej ib txwm suav tias yog cov tub ntxhais kawm mob siab thiab mloog lus hauv chav kawm. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no pib lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, vim qhov no yog thawj qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm txhua tus menyuam yaus: tus menyuam kawm ntawv thawj zaug, ib tug tub kawm ntawv. Nyob ntawm seb cov niam txiv saib xyuas yuav ua li cas rau theem no ntawm lawv tus menyuam lub neej, lawv koom nrog hauv cov menyuam txoj kev kawm, nws yuav nyob ntawm seb tus menyuam puas yuav muaj peev xwm lossis tsis muaj peev xwm yav tom ntej.

Txhua tus menyuam yug los muaj peev xwm. Tsis muaj cov me nyuam xiam oob qhab. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tsis muaj peev xwm tsuas yog los ntawm kev kawm tsis raug. Tab sis kuj muaj lwm sab ntawm lub npib: upbringing tsis yog omnipotent, kuj muaj tej yam ntuj tso inclinations: rau ib txhia lawv yog tsim rau ib tug ntau dua, rau lwm tus mus rau ib tug tsawg dua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm no uas niam txiv kev koom tes thiab kev saib xyuas hauv tus me nyuam ntawm cov kev xav tau thawj zaug uas nws qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws.

Ua hauj lwm ntawm cov xib fwb thiab cov niam txiv ua ke
Ua hauj lwm ntawm cov xib fwb thiab cov niam txiv ua ke

Kev kawm ua haujlwm

Lwm qhov kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm theem pib yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm kev kawm ua ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas txhawj xeeb tus menyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob no yog cov txheej txheem kev kawm. Nws kawm lub sijhawm tshiab, kawm txuj ci tshiab, tau txais kev txawj tshiab,tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tus kws qhia ntawv, pom hauv nws ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb, ib yam dab tsi uas pab nws loj hlob thiab ntse dua. Rau ib tug me nyuam, tus kws qhia ntawv yog ib txoj cai tseem ceeb hauv zej zog. Tab sis yog hais tias tus xib fwb tso siab rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev qhuab qhia thiab kev cai, cov kev cai no yuav poob qhov tseem ceeb rau tus me nyuam tam sim ntawd.

Kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phooj ywg

Tshwj xeeb tab sis muaj tseeb: Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias tus menyuam kawm tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog lawv. Lub coefficient ntawm assimilation ntawm lub ncauj lus kev kawm yog siab dua thaum cov me nyuam kawm ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg tshaj ib tug ntawm ib tug ntawm cov xib fwb. Nov yog lwm yam kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj teeb meem koj yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm. Ua ntej, rau ib tug me nyuam, qhov no twb yog ib kauj ruam loj - pib sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus neeg, nrog rau cov txiv neej uas nws tsis paub. Qhov thib ob, vim yog kev sib cais ntawm cov menyuam yaus thaum yau hauv cov neeg laus, cov tib neeg no ua rau tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo, tsis muaj zog, kho siab, yog li lub hnub nyoog hauv nqe lus nug yog qhov pib zoo rau kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txuas lus raug thiab tsim nyog.

Muab sijhawm
Muab sijhawm

9 tsev neeg cov lus txib

Ntxiv rau kev kawm thiab cov phooj ywg, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog muab rau tsev neeg coziness, kev nplij siab thiab kev phooj ywg hauv tsev. Cov niam txiv yuav tsum kawm ob peb txoj cai yooj yim rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus, kev ua raws li qhov yuav nyob ntawm qhov kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm tus menyuam. Lawv yog dab tsi?

  • Yuav tsum leestus me nyuam zoo li nws yog.
  • Koj tsis tuaj yeem muab xaj rau tus menyuam ntawm koj tus kheej lub siab nyiam - txhua qhov kev thov, cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia yuav tsum muaj laj thawj, ua ncaj ncees.
  • Yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov sib npaug: tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv lub neej ntawm tus menyuam yaus yog fraught li kev xav ntau dhau thiab kev tsis txaus ntseeg.
  • Nws tsim nyog ua tib zoo saib xyuas koj tus cwj pwm thiab tswj xyuas nws zoo - tus menyuam yuav saib xyuas nws niam nws txiv ua tus qauv. Koj yuav tsum tau tshem ntawm tus cwj pwm phem, tsis txhob siv lus phem thiab nco ntsoov ua kom koj lub suab txawm tias (tsis txhob tsa koj lub suab).
  • Koj yuav tsum tsim kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm koj tus kheej thiab koj tus menyuam. Koj tus menyuam yuav tsum ntseeg koj, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj yuav paub txog nws cov lus zais me me thiab muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb kev xav, kev coj cwj pwm, kev txiav txim siab.
  • Txawm tsis suav nrog kev coaxing ntau dhau ntawm cov menyuam yaus nrog khoom plig - tus menyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob ua qias neeg nrog kev saib xyuas ntau dhau, ua rau pom kev nyob mus ib txhis ntawm nws txoj kev xav, kev ntshaw thiab tseem tsis tsim nyog rau cov khoom ua si thiab khoom qab zib. Txwv tsis pub, koj yuav raug kev loj hlob ntawm egoist hauv tsev neeg.
  • Txhua yam kev txiav txim siab ua ke - tus me nyuam yuav tsum pom tias nws pab pawg hauv tsev neeg, uas nws lub suab kuj txhais tau qee yam.
  • Ua kom sib koom txhua yam sib npaug hauv tsev neeg. Yog li koj yuav coj tus me nyuam kom paub meej tias koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm qhia rau koj cov neeg zej zog.
  • Tsis txhob chim, ua rau nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo nyob ntsiag to teb rau cov lus nug ntawm tus me nyuam tsis zoo. Hom kev coj ncaj ncees no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam yav tom ntej, nwsyuav pib sib txuas lus nrog koj tib lub siab.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub neej yooj yim no yog ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub hlwb ntawm lub hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv. Luv luv, hauv kev xav hauv tsev neeg niaj hnub no lawv hu ua cuaj tsev neeg cov lus txib.

Kev nyab xeeb nyob hauv tsev
Kev nyab xeeb nyob hauv tsev

ib puag ncig zoo rau menyuam yaus

Tus yuam sij rau qhov raug, kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hnub nyoog yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo nyob hauv tsev thiab tom tsev kawm ntawv. Lub zog keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm tus me nyuam deteriorates yog hais tias muaj kev tsis txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub tsev, tsis tas li qw qw, cog lus, hais lus phem. Ntau yam nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm tsev kawm ntawv: yog tias cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm tsis nyiam tus menyuam, ua rau nws zoo li tus neeg tawm tsam, kev xav kawm thiab kev loj hlob ploj mus. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov niam txiv yog tsim kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau menyuam yaus hauv tsev, thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv yog saib xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov menyuam hauv cov lus qhia, so, saib xyuas lawv cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab sib haum xeeb tam sim ntawd thaum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov no yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab muaj hnub nyoog ntsig txog kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm lub hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv.

Social adaptation
Social adaptation

kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev kawm yog kev kawm lub cev. Thiab peb tab tom tham tsis yog hais txog kev tawm dag zog hauv chav kawm xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog cov dej num uas cov niam txiv yuav tsum coj nrog tus menyuam hauv tsev. Qhia koj tus menyuam txij thaum yau mus txog thaum sawv ntxov. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog qhuab qhia tus me nyuam xwb,tab sis kuj accustoms rau tsoom fwv, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm to taub thiab lees txais cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua si los ntawm thaum yau. Lub cev lub cev ua haujlwm ze ze rau tus menyuam txoj kev xav, nrog rau nws txoj kev paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj zog.

Kev xav

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog preschool, tus me nyuam txoj kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov muag plooj. Yog li ntawd, kev paub ntxiv nrog kev nkag siab dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog kawm ntawv theem pib, lub siab lub ntsws thiab tus yam ntxwv uas tau cuam tshuam feem ntau hauv lub luag haujlwm rau kev xav thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Qhov ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, yuav ua li cas tus me nyuam pom cov ntaub ntawv tau txais nyob ntawm seb nws txhais nws li cas tom qab thiab nws coj li cas raws li kev xav.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas thaum kawg ntawm thawj theem ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, qhov kev xaav ntawm cov menyuam yaus dhau los ua kev tsom xam: lawv pib tsom mus tas li qhov lawv pom, hnov, sib txawv ntau yam (kom paub qhov txawv ntawm "qhov phem" lossis " zoo”, “ua tau” lossis “ua tsis tau”) - kev paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm tus menyuam yaus yuav siv sij hawm ntau tus cwj pwm.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus me nyuam psychology
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus me nyuam psychology

Attention

Kev saib xyuas raws li kev qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv tseem yuav tsum tau tsim thiab txhawb nqa txhua txoj hauv kev los ntawm niam txiv. Tus menyuam yuav tsum koom nrog, nws yuav tsum txaus siab. Lub sijhawm no - tsev kawm ntawv theem pib - yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev kawm nyuaj. Yog tias koj tsis nco qab txog tus menyuamnyob rau theem pib, tom qab ntawd koj tsuas tuaj yeem yws txog koj tus kheej, thiab tsis txhob hais lus phem txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm tus menyuam. Vim muaj hnub nyoog loj hlob thiab tej yam ntuj tso nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib, kev saib xyuas ntawm tus me nyuam mus rau ntau theem:

  1. Thawj tsis ruaj khov txaus, txwv sijhawm.
  2. me ntsis nce ntxiv, tab sis tseem tsom mus rau qee qhov haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg uas cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov tseem ceeb.
  3. Kev tsis txaus siab, nrawm nrawm tig rau.
  4. Kev mob siab rau kev tsim kho nrog rau lwm yam haujlwm thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, kev txhawb siab rau kev kawm.
  5. Pab neeg ua haujlwm
    Pab neeg ua haujlwm

hais lus

Speech factor yog lwm yam kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm lub hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias, los ntawm kev hais lus, tus menyuam pib sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm pab pawg, pab pawg neeg (cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm), hloov mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo, rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub zej zog.. Los ntawm no ua raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo adaptation. Kev ntseeg siab npaum li cas tus me nyuam nyob hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws cov phooj ywg feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm nws txoj kev hais lus - kev sib tham nrog lwm tus me nyuam.

Qhov no yog hais txog kev hais lus internecine raws li qhov tsim nyog ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev sib txuas lus nrog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig nws. Tab sis kuj muaj lwm sab rau qhov tseeb ntawm tus me nyuam txoj kev sib tham, qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus nws hais. Ntawm no, kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov niam txiv yuav tsum ua raws li tus menyuam, hais cov lus tsis raug lossishais cov lus tsis raug, nws raug kho los ntawm cov neeg laus tas li. Cov kev pab no yuav ua rau tus menyuam sai sai tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv kev hais lus, nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm cov lus thiab lawv cov kev siv tsis raug hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub.

xav

Kev kawm theem pib siv cov txheej txheem kev xav ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv pib ua lub hauv paus rau kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov ntawm kev xav-qhov piv txwv mus rau nthuav dav abstract-logical xav, cov kws qhia ntawv tau sim qhia tus menyuam kom nkag siab txog cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo-thiab-tshuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob ntawm lub siab xav, cov menyuam yaus twb tau pib faib los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws rau hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv-theorists (tus hu ua cov neeg xav) - lawv tsuas yog daws cov haujlwm ntawm kev kawm, cov menyuam siv tswv yim uas tso siab rau cov khoom siv pom hauv lawv qhov kev xav, thiab cov menyuam yaus ua yeeb yam. muaj lub tswv yim ci ntsa iab.

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