Speech: mechanisms of speech. Anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Cov txheej txheem:

Speech: mechanisms of speech. Anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus
Speech: mechanisms of speech. Anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Video: Speech: mechanisms of speech. Anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Video: Speech: mechanisms of speech. Anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus
Video: The Hexenzirkel Analysis/Speculation | Genshin Impact Lore 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas paub qhov txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg los ntawm ib tug tsiaj (ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab socio-psychological cov ntsiab lus) yog hais lus. Nws yog txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib neeg los ntawm hom lus. Hauv kev xyaum txhua hnub, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "hais lus" thiab "lus" feem ntau yog siv los ua cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb mus txog qhov teeb meem los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ces cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum sib txawv.

hom lus

Lus yog ib qho kev qhia uas ua rau tib neeg kev sib txuas lus thiab kev xav (Psychological Dictionary / Edited los ntawm V. V. Davydov, A. V. Zaporozhets, B. F. Lomov). Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo, sawv cev rau ib daim ntawv ntawm kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo lub neej nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm cov tib neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ib tug neeg tau txais cov lus npaj ua tiav uas tau tsim los ntev ua ntej yug ntawm tus neeg no. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau los ua ib tus neeg hais lus ntawm ib hom lus, ib tus neeg ib txhij dhau los ua lub peev xwmlub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

hais lus mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus
hais lus mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Cov qauv ntawm cov lus suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

- vocabulary (system of meaningful words), - qauv sau ntawv (ib hom lus ntawm cov lus thiab kab lus), - phonetics (ib lub suab muaj pes tsawg leeg, yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom lus nkaus xwb).

lus tshwj xeeb

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, muab rau txoj haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus rau txhua lo lus. Yog li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus yog ib tug generalized yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, lo lus "lub nroog" tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau lub nroog tshwj xeeb - los ntawm me thiab me-paub mus rau megacities tiag tiag, paub rau txhua tus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias peb xav txog ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, Nizhny Novgorod lossis Prague), ces peb kuj yuav siv lub tswv yim ntawm "lub nroog", tab sis txhais tau hais tias cov khoom tseeb hauv nqe lus nug.

mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus
mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Mechanisms of speech

Speech yog keeb kwm tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib neeg los ntawm cov lus (loj Psychological Dictionary / Edited los ntawm B. G. Meshcheryakov, V. P. Zinchenko). Nws tuaj yeem muaj cov lus piav qhia, kev nug lossis kev txhawb nqa. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub hlwb mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus raws li ib tug system ntawm kev sib txuas lus los ntawm cov lus tsis muaj tsawg nyuaj tshaj li cov mechanisms ntawm cov lus nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv siv kev hais lus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog tsis tsuas yog xaiv cov lus tsim nyog uas muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj qhia lawv. Vim txhua lo lusraws li tau hais los saum toj no, yog qhov dav dav, tom qab ntawd hauv kev hais lus nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom nqaim nws mus rau theem ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Qhov no tshwm sim li cas? Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hu ua "filter" nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yog ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau muab cov lus qhia rau hauv kev hais lus. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, raws li txoj cai, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li cov ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus thiab kev xav thiab kev xav.

Semantic context

Yog li, hauv peb qhov piv txwv nrog lo lus "lub nroog", nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab qhov tseeb peb xav paub txog nws: "Lub nroog no yog dab tsi?" Yog tias lo lus nug zoo li: "Lub nroog no nyob qhov twg?", Yog li ntawd, peb tab tom tham txog tus yam ntxwv spatial (qhov chaw nyob hauv daim ntawv qhia, yuav mus li cas, pes tsawg kilometers, nyob ze, thiab lwm yam). Yog tias peb txaus siab rau lo lus nug: "Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav txog lub nroog no?", txhais tau hais tias peb tuaj yeem tham txog qee qhov kev pom (piv txwv li, keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai lossis kev lag luam). Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug nws tus kheej raws li kev tsim cov lus ("lub nroog twg yog qhov no") muaj tsis txaus semantic load thiab xav tau cov ntsiab lus ntxiv. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus.

Subtext of hais lus

Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus uas tus neeg xav tau hais los ntawm kev hais lus. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus, ua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm semantic subtext, yog ib qho kev xav ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm peb cov lus. Raws li koj paub, lub ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm ib kab lus tsis yog ib txwm nyob ntawm qhov chaw - feem ntau peb hais ib yam, tab sis txhais tau tias lwm yam (kev tswj hwm, kev qhuas,xav txhais lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham, thiab lwm yam).

anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus
anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

xov xwm hais ib sab lus

Kev xav xim kuj yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus thiab lus. Los ntawm kev hais lus lub ntsiab lus, peb tsis tsuas yog nthuav tawm qee cov ntsiab lus, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib yam khoom - peb qhia peb tus kheej lub siab xav rau qhov peb hais nrog kev hais lus. Tus cwj pwm no yog kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm kev hais lus thiab yog tsim los ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab ntawm cov lus peb siv los hais cov kab lus uas tau hais.

Intonational mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus

Kev txhim kho ntawm kev hais lus raws li txheej txheem holistic npog txhua yam ntawm kev hais lus ntawm tus kheej, suav nrog sab intonation.

Lub intonation sab - lub suab paj nruag (prosodic) ntawm kev hais lus - yog ncaj qha ntsig txog nws qhov purity, raug thiab zoo nkauj. Intonation plays lub luag haujlwm loj, txhawb lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus thiab qee zaum qhia ntau lub ntsiab lus ntau dua li cov lus lawv tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, intonationally expressive sounding lub qhov ncauj yog yooj yim dua rau perceive, raws li nws tso cai rau koj mus qhia qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv lub semantic lub ntsiab lus.

Lub intonation mechanism ntawm kev hais lus tsim yog hais txog paralinguistic txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Cov no yog cov lus tsis yog lus (tsis hais lus) txhais tau tias muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus hais thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv semantic nrog rau cov lus (lus) txhais tau tias.

hais lus tiam mechanism
hais lus tiam mechanism

Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb hom (Shevtsova B. B., "Technology rau kev tsim ntawm sab intonationlus"):

- phonation (cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais suab, cov lus, nqe lus; suab ncua sij hawm);

- kinetic (gestures, ntsej muag qhia, lub cev txav);

- nraaj (tus cwj pwm sau ntawv, hloov cov ntawv thiab lo lus). Phonation txhais tau tias kuj suav nrog intonation.

Intonation, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib txheej ntawm lub suab txhais tau tias ntawm ib hom lus uas phonetically npaj hais lus, tsim semantic kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib feem ntawm ib kab lus, muab cov kab lus piav qhia, interrogative los yog exclamatory lub ntsiab lus, cia tus neeg hais lus qhia ntau yam. kev xav. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov lus tso cai rau koj los qhia qhov no lossis qhov intonation siv cov cim cim.

Kev tsim ntawm sab intonational ntawm kev hais lus cuam tshuam rau cov khoom xws li suab paj nruag, timbre, tempo, atherosclerosis, kev ntxhov siab thiab nres.

1. Melodika

Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm intonation. Lub suab ntawm kev hais lus txiav txim siab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub suab nrov, uas nthuav tawm hauv lub sijhawm (Torsueva I. G.). Melody functions:

- qhia txog cov pab pawg sib dhos thiab cov lus sib dhos hauv cov qauv ntawm cov lus hais, - qhia txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nqe lus, - txuas cais ntu ntawm nqe lus rau hauv ib qho tag nrho, - kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau cov lus hais, - kev qhia ntawm subtext, modal ntxoov.

Lub suab nkauj ntawm kev hais lus yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ob peb lub suab paj nruag - qhov tsawg kawg nkaus melodic units cuam tshuam nrog lub suab nrov. Lub suab nkauj ntawm cov lus hais yog tsim los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv motives lossis repetitionstib motive.

Speech melody thiab suab paj nruag tsis yog tib yam. Cov suab nkauj hais lus tsis tshua muaj suab nrov, tsis tu ncua nce thiab poob. Ib yam li feem ntau, nws lub sijhawm hloov pauv, thiab lub suab tsis muaj lub sijhawm meej. Tsis zoo li suab paj nruag, hais suab paj nruag tsis haum rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb.

Ib qho ntawm cov suab paj nruag, uas txiav txim siab lub cev thiab lub cev lub cev ntawm kev hais lus, yog lub suab nrov zaus (PFC) - qhov qis tshaj plaws hauv lub suab spectrum, qhov sib txuam ntawm lub sijhawm oscillation ntawm lub suab. hlua. Hauv kev hais lus ib txwm muaj, thaum hais lus, muaj qhov hloov pauv tas li ntawm qhov zaus ntawm lub suab nrov. Raws li qhov ntau ntawm cov kev hloov pauv no, nws yog txiav txim los ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg hais lus, nrog rau nws lub siab xav thiab lub siab lub ntsws.

mechanisms ntawm kev xav hais lus
mechanisms ntawm kev xav hais lus

Physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv relation to FOT:

- txiv neej: 132 Hz, - poj niam: 223 Hz, - me nyuam: 264 Hz.

Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv qhov siab, nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov ceev ntawm kev co ntawm tib neeg lub suab folds. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub mechanism ntawm kev hais lus tiam vim qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov folds nyob ntawm qhov tsis xws li qhov ceev ntawm huab cua ntws dhau los ntawm glottis; glottis dav; qib ntawm elasticity ntawm lub suab folds; qhov loj ntawm vibrating ib feem ntawm lub folds.

Nrog kev hloov pauv tas mus li ntawm qhov zaus ntawm lub suab nrov hauv lub suab hais lus, lub suab paj nruag ua haujlwm txuas rau ib qho ntawm cov lus hais thiab tib lub sijhawm -cais.

2. Timbre

Timbre ntawm kev hais lus ncaj qha rau lub suab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov tsis meej pem rau lub tswv yim ntawm timbre hauv kev tshawb fawb tsom rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xav ntawm kev hais lus. Ntawm qhov tod tes, timbre txhais tau hais tias ib qho tshwj xeeb zoo nkauj xim ntawm lub suab, uas yog tsim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb piv ntawm lub zog ntawm lub suab nrov thiab nws cov overtones (nyob ntawm seb cov duab ntawm lub resonator). Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm txoj haujlwm no, lub cav ntoo yog txuam nrog purity thiab brightness ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab. Yog li, yog hais tias lub suab nrov rau ntau tus neeg tuaj yeem ua tau zoo, ces lub cav ntoo yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntoo tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog xim ntxiv ntawm lub suab, uas muab lub suab ntau yam kev xav ntxoov ntxoo. Txoj hauv kev no yog feem ntau rau kev hais lus (phonology). Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov yam ntxwv ntawm timbre tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txuas lus, qhia lawv tus kheej tsuas yog hauv kev qhia ntau yam kev xav los ntawm kev hloov xim ntawm lub suab.

3. Rhythm

Yog ib qho kev hloov ua ntu zus ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev hais lus (lus, suab) ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Txiav txim siab lub koom haum zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntawv sau, xaj nws lub suab hais.

4. Pace

Tempo tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg hais lus ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm kev hais lus hais lus (cov lus, cov lus, syntagmas). Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev ntawm lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, ib tug thib ob) yog kwv yees. Yog li, piv txwv li, qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev hais lus thaum sib thamyog hais txog 5-6 syllables in one second.

Ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tempo, nws yog ib txwm ua raws li cov hauv qab no: tuav lub intonational kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov lus hais thiab cais lub sijhawm tseem ceeb / tsis tseem ceeb hauv nqe lus. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus tshaj tawm, tus neeg, raws li txoj cai, qeeb qeeb. Thiab vice versa, yog hais tias nws yog hais txog ib yam dab tsi tsis tseem ceeb heev, hais lus ntawm tus neeg yog ceev. Koj tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm kev hais lus, thaum tus neeg tsis xav ua kom pom kev sib tham rau qee cov ntsiab lus hauv nqe lus (feem ntau pom hauv kev tshaj tawm).

sau mechanisms
sau mechanisms

Ntxiv rau, lub sijhawm tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg lub siab lub ntsws ntawm tus neeg hais lus, uas txiav txim siab nws txoj kev hais lus. Tsis tas li ntawd tseem ceeb yog cov xwm txheej ntawm tus neeg hais lus, nws lub siab xav tsim ib qho kev xav, thiab lwm yam.

5. Ua tsaug

Ib txheej txheem siv los qhia txog txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus (lub suab, lo lus) los ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus zoo sib xws. Nws yog ua los ntawm kev hloov qee yam acoustic yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij no - ua kom lub suab ntawm kev hais lus, nce kev siv, thiab lwm yam.

Muaj hom kev ntxhov siab xws li:

- verbal (phonetic integrity of lo lus), - syntagmatic (syntagma boundaries), - boolean (kos hauv qab lo lus tseem ceeb tshaj), - phrasal (kawg nqe lus).

6. Pause

Qhia txog kev so (ib yam uas txwv tsis pub hais lus). Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus hauv qhov no tuaj yeem yog ob hom:

- suab hais lusnres ib ntus, muaj kev ntsiag to (paus tiag), - tsim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev so hauv lub suab hais lus los ntawm kev hloov suab paj nruag, tempo lossis kev ntxhov siab ntawm ciam teb ntawm syntagmas (psychological).

Cov kab lis kev cai intonational ntawm kev hais lus hauv kev hais lus ib txwm tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau, txij li lub sijhawm Antiquity. Cov theorists ntawm oratory nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab ancient Rome tau kawm hais lus suab paj nruag, txawv nws los ntawm cov suab paj nruag, yam ntxwv tempo, atherosclerosis, pauses, thiab ntsuam xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tej yam semantic nyob rau hauv kev hais lus.

hais lus tsim mechanism
hais lus tsim mechanism

K. S. Stanislavsky, nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm intonation nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm theatrical kos duab, sau hais tias qhov xwm ntawm intonation, cov xim ntawm lub suab nyob ntawm seb lub suab ntawm ob lub vowels thiab consonants: Vowels yog ib tug dej, consonants yog ntug dej.” Txhawm rau ua kom zoo meej intonation, koj yuav tsum paub qee yam anatomical thiab physiological mechanisms ntawm kev hais lus:

- qhov tsim nyog txoj haujlwm ntawm lub qhov ncauj, daim di ncauj, tus nplaig, uas tsim qee lub suab (lub cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab hais lus thiab nws cov resonators), - qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab, nyob ntawm seb qhov kab noj hniav nws resonates thiab qhov twg nws qhia.

Tom qab ntawd, cov kev soj ntsuam no tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis rau kev nyeem ntawv thiab hais lus.

Pom zoo: