Buryats: kev ntseeg, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Shamanism, Buddhism thiab Orthodoxy hauv Buryatia

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Buryats: kev ntseeg, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Shamanism, Buddhism thiab Orthodoxy hauv Buryatia
Buryats: kev ntseeg, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Shamanism, Buddhism thiab Orthodoxy hauv Buryatia

Video: Buryats: kev ntseeg, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Shamanism, Buddhism thiab Orthodoxy hauv Buryatia

Video: Buryats: kev ntseeg, tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Shamanism, Buddhism thiab Orthodoxy hauv Buryatia
Video: Ах, водевиль, водевиль. 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

kab lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg ntawm Buryats yog kev sib txuas ntawm Eastern thiab European kab lig kev cai. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Buryatia, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav Orthodox monasteries thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm cov tuam tsev, nrog rau tuaj koom kev ua yeeb yam shamanic. Cov Buryats yog cov neeg muaj yeeb yuj nrog keeb kwm nthuav dav uas tau tsim nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub majestic Baikal. Kev ntseeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Buryat yuav tau tham hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Leej twg yog cov Buryats?

Cov haiv neeg no nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation, Mongolia thiab Tuam Tshoj. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov Buryats nyob rau hauv Russia: nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Buryatia, nyob rau hauv lub Irkutsk cheeb tsam (Ust-Ordynsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), lub Trans-Baikal Territory (Aginsky koog tsev kawm ntawv). Lawv kuj pom muaj nyob hauv lwm thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws, tab sis tsawg dua. Cov Buryats yog cov neeg qub tshaj plaws ntawm thaj av Baikal. Kev tshuaj ntsuam caj ces niaj hnub no tau pom tias lawv cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws yog cov neeg Kauslim.

Raws li ib tsab ntawv, cov neeg lub npe los ntawm Mongolian lo lus "bul", txhais tau tias "tus neeg yos hav zoov", "tus txiv neej hav zoov". Yog li ntawd cov Mongols thaum ub hu tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg uas nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawmBaikal. Tau ntev, cov Buryats tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze thiab them se rau lawv rau 450 xyoo. Kev sib ze nrog Mongolia tau pab txhawb kev nthuav tawm ntawm Buddhism hauv Buryatia.

keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws

Cov Buryats yog los ntawm ntau haiv neeg Mongolian thiab thaum pib ntawm lawv txoj kev tsim (XVI-XVII centuries) muaj ntau pab pawg neeg. Ib tug tshiab impetus nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg tuaj nrog lub tuaj txog ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia. Nrog rau kev nkag mus ntawm Baikal thaj av mus rau Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, ib feem ntawm Buryats tsiv mus rau Mongolia. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem thim rov qab tau tshwm sim, thiab ua ntej pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th lawv rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev coj mus rau lub fact tias cov Buryat pab pawg neeg thiab pab pawg neeg pib sib sau ua ke vim kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua kev sib raug zoo. Qhov no coj mus rau tsim ib pab pawg neeg tshiab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lub xeev ywj pheej ntawm Buryats (Buryat-Mongolia) tau pib ua zoo nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Xyoo 1992, koom pheej ntawm Buryatia tau tsim los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias Federation, Ulan-Ude tau los ua nws lub peev.

Qhov chaw dawb huv ntawm Baikal
Qhov chaw dawb huv ntawm Baikal

Kev ntseeg

Cov Buryats tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Mongol tau ntev, tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm ntawm Lavxias lub xeev ua raws. Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ntseeg ntawm Buryats. Zoo li ntau haiv neeg Mongolian, thawj zaug Buryats tau ua raws li shamanism. Lwm cov ntsiab lus kuj tseem siv rau txoj kev ntseeg no: Tengrianism, pantheism. Thiab cov Mongols hu nws "hara shashyn", uas txhais tau tias "dubVera". Buddhism tau nthuav tawm hauv Buryatia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau pib nquag txhim kho. Niaj hnub no, peb txoj kev ntseeg Buryat no sib haum xeeb nyob rau tib thaj chaw.

Shamanism

Cov neeg hauv zos yeej ib txwm muaj kev sib raug zoo tshwj xeeb rau xwm, uas yog tshwm sim hauv lawv txoj kev ntseeg thaum ub - shamanism. Lawv hwm Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej Nyob Mus Ib Txhis (Khuhe Munhe Tengri), uas tau suav hais tias yog Vajtswv lub siab tshaj plaws. Xwm thiab ntuj tsim raug suav hais tias yog sab ntsuj plig. Shamanistic rituals tau ua ntawm qee yam khoom sab nraum zoov kom ua tiav kev sib sau ntawm tus txiv neej thiab lub zog ntawm dej, ntiaj teb, hluav taws thiab huab cua. Taylagans (ritual festivities) tau tuav ntawm thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm Lake Baikal hauv qhov tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev hwm. Los ntawm kev txi thiab ua raws qee txoj cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua, Buryats cuam tshuam rau ntsuj plig thiab vajtswv.

Buryat shaman
Buryat shaman

Shamans yog ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib raug zoo hierarchy ntawm Buryats thaum ub. Lawv ua ke cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws kho mob, tus kws kho mob hlwb uas tswj xyuas kev nco qab, thiab tus kws qhia dab neeg. Tsuas yog ib tug uas muaj shamanic cov hauv paus hniav yuav ua tau ib tug. Cov rituals ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg saib, uas tau sau txog ntau txhiab leej. Nrog kev nthuav tawm ntawm Buddhism thiab Christianity, shamanism hauv Buryatia pib raug tsim txom. Tab sis qhov kev ntseeg thaum ub, hauv qab lub ntiaj teb saib ntawm cov neeg Buryat, tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem tag nrho. Ntau cov kev cai ntawm shamanism tau khaws cia thiab tau nqis los rau peb hnub. Cov monuments ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tshwj xeeb yog qhov chaw dawb ceev, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam kev caiCov neeg Buryat.

Buddhism

Cov neeg nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Lake Baikal tseem ua raws li kev ntseeg no, thaum cov Buryats, uas nyob rau ntawm ntug dej sab hnub tuaj, tig mus rau Buddhism raws li lawv cov Mongols.

Cov cwj pwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Buddha
Cov cwj pwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Buddha

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, Lamaism, ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm Buddhism, nkag los ntawm Tibet mus rau Mongolia mus rau Buryatia. Raws li lub npe qhia, lamas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev ntseeg no. Lawv tau txais kev hwm los ua tus kws qhia ntawv thiab coj txoj hauv kev rau kev nkag siab. Qhov kev ntseeg no, tshiab rau Buryats, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua koob tsheej tshwj xeeb. Rites yog tuav raws li cov cai nruj. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog tsam-khural ritual. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev pe hawm no suav nrog kev seev cev dawb ceev thiab pantomimes.

Kev mob siab rau shamanism ntawm Buryats yog qhov zoo heev uas txawm tias hauv Lamaism lawv tau qhia cov cwj pwm ntawm kev ntseeg thaum ub xws li kev ntseeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm ntuj tsim thiab kev hwm ntawm tus saib xyuas ntsuj plig ntawm pawg neeg (Ezhins). Ua ke nrog Buddhism, kab lis kev cai ntawm Tibet thiab Mongolia tuaj rau Buryatia. Ntau tshaj 100 Tibetan thiab Mongolian lamas tuaj txog hauv Transbaikalia, datsans (Buddhist monasteries) pib qhib. Cov tsev kawm ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm datsans, cov phau ntawv tau luam tawm, thiab siv kos duab tsim. Thiab lawv kuj yog ib hom tsev kawm ntawv qib siab uas tau cob qhia cov txiv plig yav tom ntej.

1741 yog suav tias yog qhov hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm Buddhism ua kev ntseeg ntawm Buryats. Empress Ekaterina Petrovna tau kos npe rau tsab cai lees paub Lamaism yog ib qho ntawm cov kev ntseeg hauv tebchaws Russia. Ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm 150 lamas tau raug pom zoo,uas raug zam los ntawm kev them se. Thiab datsans tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Tibetan lub tswv yim, tshuaj thiab ntawv nyeem hauv Buryatia.

Tau yuav luag ob centuries, Lamaism tau nquag txhim kho, tau txais ntau thiab ntau tus thwjtim. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, thaum lub Bolsheviks los rau lub hwj chim, cov kev cai dab qhuas ntawm lub Buryats pib poob. Cov Datsans raug kaw thiab rhuav tshem, thiab cov lamas raug tsim txom. Tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1990 xwb thiaj li muaj kev txhawb siab ntawm Buddhism. 10 tshiab datsans tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, rov qab rau xyoo 1947, tsis deb ntawm lub nroog Buryatia, Ulan-Ude, Ivolginsky datsan tau tsim, thiab Aginsky pib ua haujlwm dua.

Tam sim no lub koom pheej ntawm Buryatia yog qhov chaw ntawm Buddhism nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub Egituysky datsan muaj ib tug pej thuam ntawm Buddha ua los ntawm sandalwood. Ib chav txawm tau ua rau nws, uas muaj qee qhov microclimate tswj.

Buddhist temples thiab monasteries

Cov Buryats yog nomads. Lawv nyob, zoo li ntau haiv neeg Turkic, hauv yurts. Yog li ntawd, thaum xub thawj lawv tsis muaj cov tuam tsev mus tas li. Datsans tau nyob hauv yurts, nruab rau hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb, thiab "mus ncig" nrog rau lamas. Thawj lub tuam tsev nyob ruaj ruaj, Tamchansky datsan, tau tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Monasteries muab faib ua ob peb pawg:

  • Dugan yog lub tuam tsev monastery, lub npe los ntawm lo lus Tibetan txhais tias "lub rooj sib tham".
  • Datsan - ntawm Buryats txhais tau tias "monastery", thiab hauv Tibet no yog lub npe ntawm cov kev kawm faculties ntawm lub tsev loj loj.
  • Khurul yog lub npe muab rau txhua lub tuam tsev ntawm Kalmyks thiab Tuvans. Lub npe los ntawm Mongolian "khural", uas txhais tau tias"kev sib sau".

Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Buryatia yog qhov nthuav, uas muaj 3 yam tuaj yeem taug qab:

  • Mongolian style - sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv zoo li yurts thiab tents. Thawj cov tuam tsev tau txawb thiab tau nyob hauv cov tsev ib ntus. Cov tuam tsev nyob ruaj ruaj tau ua thawj zaug hauv daim ntawv ntawm rau- lossis kaum ob lub tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd ua square. Cov ru tsev tau ua zoo ib yam li lub tsev pheeb suab sab saum toj.
  • Tibetan style - ib yam ntawm cov tuam tsev thaum ntxov. Lub architecture yog sawv cev los ntawm cov duab plaub nrog cov phab ntsa dawb thiab lub ru tsev tiaj tus. Cov tuam tsev ua nyob rau hauv Tibetan style yog tsis tshua muaj.
  • Suav style - suav nrog kev kho kom zoo nkauj, ib-zaj dab neeg tsev thiab gable ru tsev ua los ntawm cov vuas.

Ntau lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim ua ib qho kev sib xyaw, piv txwv li, Aginsky datsan.

Ivolginsky Monastery

Datsan no tau tsim muaj xyoo 1947, 40 km ntawm Ulan-Ude. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li qhov chaw nyob ntawm sab ntsuj plig tswj hwm ntawm Buddhists nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub datsan muaj ib tug pej thuam dawb huv ntawm Buddha thiab lub zwm txwv ntawm XIV Dalai Lama. Txhua txhua xyoo muaj cov koom txoos loj hauv lub tuam tsev. Thaum pib lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, Xyoo Tshiab tau ua kev zoo siab raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub Eastern, thiab lub caij ntuj sov - Maydari hnub so.

Ivolginsky datsan hauv Buryatia
Ivolginsky datsan hauv Buryatia

Ivolginsky lub tuam tsev nto moo rau qhov tseeb tias lub cev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm Lama Itigelov tau khaws cia rau ntawd. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, xyoo 1927, lama bequeathed rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm los tshuaj xyuas nws lub cev tom qab 75 xyoo, tom qab ntawd zaum hauv kev xav thiab mus rau hauv lub siab. Nws raug faus rau hauv tib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug cedar lub voos xwmfab. Raws li qhov xav tau hauv xyoo 2002, lub voos xwmfab yogqhib thiab lub cev kuaj. Nws nyob hauv lub xeev tsis hloov. Cov kab ke tsim nyog thiab kev ua yeeb yam tau ua, thiab lub cev tsis zoo ntawm Lama Itigelov raug xa mus rau Ivolginsky datsan.

Aginsky Monastery

Lub Tuam Tsev Teev Ntuj no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1816 thiab teeb los ntawm Lama Rinchen. Lub complex muaj lub tuam tsev loj thiab 7 me me sumes. Aginsky datsan paub txog qhov tseeb tias txij li nws lub hauv paus, Maani Khural (kev pe hawm ntawm Bodhisattva Arya Bala) tau ua nyob rau ntawd 4 zaug ib hnub twg. Lub monastery luam tawm cov phau ntawv ntawm lub tswv yim, tshuaj, logic, astronomy thiab astrology. Thaum xyoo 1930, lub tuam tsev raug kaw, qee lub tsev raug puas tsuaj, thiab qee qhov tau nyob rau hauv kev ua tub rog thiab kev xav hauv ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1946, Aginsky Monastery tau rov qhib dua thiab tseem ua haujlwm.

Aginsky hais tias
Aginsky hais tias

Gusinoozersky Monastery

Lwm lub npe yog Tamchinsky datsan. Thaum xub thawj, nws tsis yog nyob ruaj ruaj, tab sis nyob hauv ib lub yurt loj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thawj lub tuam tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ruaj khov. Thiab tom qab yuav luag 100 xyoo, lub monastery complex twb muaj 17 pawg ntseeg. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub Tamchinsky datsan yog lub ntsiab monastery ntawm Buryatia, uas lub sij hawm ntawd hu ua Buryat-Mongolia. 500 lamas nyob ntawd mus tas li, thiab muaj 400 leej tuaj xyuas. Nrog rau lub zog los ntawm Bolsheviks, datsan raug tshem tawm, zoo li ntau lwm yam kev ntseeg. Nws cov tsev tau nyob rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm lub xeev. Muaj ib lub tsev loj cuj rau cov neeg raug txim nom tswv. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub Gusinoozersky datsan tau lees paub tias yog ib tug architectural monument thiab ua hauj lwm pib ntawm nws cov restoration. Ib zaug ntxivLub tuam tsev tau qhib qhov rooj rau cov ntseeg hauv xyoo 1990. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws tau fij tseg.

A monument of high historical and culture value is khaws cia rau hauv datsan. Qhov no yog lub thiaj li hu ua "mob pob zeb", uas nws muaj hnub nyoog, raws li archaeologists, yog 3.5 txhiab xyoo. Lub pob zeb no tau txais nws lub npe vim yog cov duab ntawm cov mos lwj sib tw ua rau nws.

Christianity

Hauv xyoo 1721, Irkutsk diocese tau tsim, los ntawm qhov kev sib kis ntawm Orthodoxy hauv thaj av Baikal tau pib. Kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb ntawm Western Buryats. Nyob ntawd, xws li cov hnub so xws li Easter, Christmas, Ilyin's Day, thiab lwm yam, tau dhau los ua qhov nthuav dav.

Embassy monastery
Embassy monastery

Tsoom fwv Lavxias siv Orthodoxy los ua ib txoj hauv kev los cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm Buryats. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, kev tsim kho ntawm Posolsky Monastery tau pib (daim duab saum toj no), uas pab txhawb txoj haujlwm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Xws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyiam cov thwjtim kuj tau siv, xws li kev zam se nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev txais yuav txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox. Kev sib yuav ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias thiab cov neeg hauv paus txawm tau txhawb nqa. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txog 10% ntawm tag nrho cov Buryats yog mestizos.

Tag nrho cov kev siv zog no ua rau qhov tseeb tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th muaj 85 txhiab Orthodox Buryats. Tom qab ntawd tuaj lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, thiab cov ntseeg Vajtswv txoj haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm. Lub tsev teev ntuj activists raug tua los yog raug ntiab tawm muschaw pw hav zoov. Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II kawg, kev txhawb siab ntawm qee lub tuam tsev tau pib. Thiab qhov kev lees paub ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1994.

Selenginsky Trinity Monastery

Kev qhib lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj ib txwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhawb nqa cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau hauv 1680, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, nws tau txiav txim kom tsim ib lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau ntawm ntug dej Selenga thiab ua nws lub hauv paus ntawm lub Orthodox lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa hauv lub xeev cov nyiaj, nrog rau cov nyiaj, phau ntawv, khoom siv thiab khaub ncaws los ntawm huab tais thiab cov nom tswv. Tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity Selenginsky Monastery muaj thaj av, nuv ntses, vaj tse. Cov neeg pib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tuam tsev.

Selengen Trinity Monastery
Selengen Trinity Monastery

Raws li tau npaj tseg, lub tsev teev ntuj tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej hauv Transbaikalia. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau txais kev hwm ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov zos nyob ze vim nws khaws lub cim ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm txuj ci tseem ceeb Nicholas ntawm Myra. Lub monastery tau mus xyuas los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg, kev nom kev tswv thiab lub xeev. Lub tuam tsev muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv dav dav ntawm 105 phau ntawv rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Xyoo 1921 Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Dawb Huv Selenginsky raug kaw. Rau qee lub sijhawm, nws cov tsev tau nyob los ntawm lub tsev menyuam ntsuag, thiab txij xyoo 1929 txog 1932 lub tsev teev ntuj tau khoob. Tom qab ntawd ib tug pioneer sanatorium ua haujlwm ntawm no, thiab tom qab ntawd - cov menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb colony. Lub sijhawm no, ntau lub tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau poob lawv qhov qub, qee qhov raug rhuav tshem. Tsuas yog txij li xyoo 1998 lub tsev teev ntuj pib rov zoo.

Cov ntseeg qub

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lub tsev teev ntuj hloov kho pib nyob rau hauv Russia. Cov kev cai hloov pauv, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus tau npaj rau cov kev hloov pauv no, uas ua rau muaj kev sib cais hauv pawg ntseeg. Cov uas tsis pom zoo rau cov kev hloov kho tshiab tau raug tsim txom, thiab lawv raug yuam kom khiav mus rau sab nrauv ntawm lub tebchaws thiab dhau mus. Qhov no yog li cas Cov Ntseeg Qub tau tshwm sim, thiab nws cov thwjtim hu ua Cov Ntseeg Qub. Lawv nkaum hauv Urals, Qaib ntxhw, Romania, Poland thiab Transbaikalia, qhov chaw uas cov Buryats nyob. Cov Neeg Ntseeg Qub tau nyob hauv cov tsev neeg loj nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Transbaikalia. Nyob ntawd lawv cog thaj av, ua tsev thiab tsev teev ntuj. Muaj txog li 50 qhov chaw nyob, 30 tseem muaj nyob.

Buryatia yog thaj chaw qub, muaj xim zoo nkauj nrog cov xwm txheej zoo nkauj thiab keeb kwm nplua nuj. Cov dej ntshiab tshaj plaws ntawm Lake Baikal, cov tuam tsev thiab cov chaw dawb huv ntawm cov shamans nyiam cov neeg uas xav mus rau hauv lub ntuj thiab sab ntsuj plig ntawm thaj av.

Pom zoo: