Pedology yog… To taub lub tswvyim

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Pedology yog… To taub lub tswvyim
Pedology yog… To taub lub tswvyim

Video: Pedology yog… To taub lub tswvyim

Video: Pedology yog… To taub lub tswvyim
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Pedology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj, biology, pedagogy thiab psychotechnics rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Thiab txawm hais tias raws li ib lo lus nws tau dhau los lawm thiab tau txais cov qauv ntawm kev xav ntawm menyuam yaus, universal pedological txoj kev nyiam tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg sab nraud lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb.

pedology yog
pedology yog

History

Keeb kwm ntawm pedology pib nyob rau sab hnub poob thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws tshwm sim tau yooj yim los ntawm kev txhim kho hnyav ntawm cov ceg ntoo ntawm kev sim pedagogy thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv txoj hauv kev nrog anatomical-physiological thiab biological sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv pedology tshwm sim mechanically. Ntau qhov tseeb, nws tau hais los ntawm kev ua tiav, kev kawm paub txog kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov menyuam yaus, lawv tus cwj pwm.

Lo lus "pedology" tau qhia los ntawm American kws tshawb fawb Oscar Crisman hauv 1853. Txhais los ntawm Greek, lub ntsiab lus suab zoo li "kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov me nyuam" (pedos - me nyuam, logos - science, kawm).

Keeb Kwm

Thawj cov haujlwm ntawm pedology tau sau los ntawm American psychologists G. S. Hall, J. Baldwin thiab physiologist W. Preyer. Lawv nyob ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keebkev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab sau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm empirical ntaub ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov me nyuam. Lawv txoj haujlwm tau hloov pauv ntau txoj hauv kev thiab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm menyuam yaus thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws.

kev loj hlob ntawm pedology
kev loj hlob ntawm pedology

In Russia

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau nkag mus rau Russia (thaum ntawd USSR) thiab tau txais kev tsim nyog txuas ntxiv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho hlwb thiab tus kws kho qhov muag V. M. Bekhterev, psychologist A. P. Nechaev, physiologist E. Meyman thiab defectologist G. I. Rossolimo. Txhua tus ntawm lawv, los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, sim piav qhia thiab tsim cov cai ntawm kev loj hlob me nyuam thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev kho.

Pedology nyob rau hauv Russia tau txais qhov kev ua tau zoo: pedological institutes thiab Children's Home (Moscow) tau qhib, muaj cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas puas siab puas ntsws tau ua nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov txiaj ntsig tau siv los ua kom tiav cov chav kawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws, kws kho mob lub cev, kws kho mob thiab cov kws qhia ntawv hauv lub tebchaws tau koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog kev xav txog menyuam yaus. Tag nrho cov no tau ua tiav nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm paub txog kev loj hlob ntawm menyuam yaus. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm yooj yim no tsis tau lees paub qhov tseeb.

Los ntawm xyoo 1920, pedology hauv Russia yog qhov kev tshawb fawb loj heev, tab sis tsis yog kev tshawb fawb nyuaj. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm kev paub txog tus menyuam yog qhov tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas ua ntej ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas ua rau qhov nyuaj no.

pedology nyob rau hauv Russia
pedology nyob rau hauv Russia

Mustakes

Qhov kev ua yuam kev tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet pedologists tau suav tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsim lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yimnam, scientific miscalculations yuav raug ntaus nqi rau qhov tsis zoo thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm kev xeem rau kev txawj ntse kev loj hlob.

Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, tag nrho cov shortcomings tau maj mam kho, thiab Soviet pedology pib ib txoj kev ntseeg siab thiab muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, twb nyob rau hauv 1936 nws tau los ua "pseudo-science", tsis pom zoo rau kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub teb chaws. Revolutionary thwmsim raug txwv, pedological laboratories raug kaw. Kev xeem, raws li txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb pedological, tau dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo hauv kev kawm. Txij li thaum, raws li cov txiaj ntsig, feem ntau tau txais txiaj ntsig yog cov menyuam ntawm cov pov thawj, Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas Dawb thiab cov neeg txawj ntse "rotten" thiab tsis yog cov neeg ua haujlwm. Thiab qhov no tau tawm tsam lub tswv yim ntawm tog. Yog li qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus rov qab mus rau cov ntawv ib txwm muaj, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev kawm.

psychology thiab pedology
psychology thiab pedology

Principles of pedology

Kev txhim kho ntawm pedology hauv tebchaws Russia tau coj qee qhov txiaj ntsig, nws tau tsim cov hauv paus hauv kev tshawb fawb:

  • Pedology yog kev paub txog tus menyuam. Los ntawm txoj haujlwm no, nws tsis suav tias yog "hauv ntu", tab sis tag nrho, raws li kev tsim ib txhij ntawm kev lom neeg, kev sib raug zoo, kev xav, thiab lwm yam. Txhua yam ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb yog sib cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib qho kev sau cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis ib qho kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem theoretical thiab cov txheej txheem.
  • Qhov thib ob siv taw tes ntawm pedologists yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm caj ces. Nws tau nquag kawm los ntawm psychologist LS. Vygotsky. Siv tus piv txwv ntawm tus me nyuam txoj kev hais lus egocentric ("speech minus sound"), nws tau ua pov thawj tias tus me nyuam hais lus lossis "muttering hauv qab nws ua tsis taus pa" yog thawj theem ntawm kev hais lus lossis kev xav.tus neeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm noob caj noob ces qhia pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
  • Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib peb - kev kawm thaum yau - ua pov thawj tias kev sib raug zoo thiab lub neej cuam tshuam rau kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Yog li, kev tsis saib xyuas lossis kev ua niam ua txiv hnyav, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb thiab lub cev kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus menyuam.
  • Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thib plaub yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pedology - kev hloov pauv ntawm kev paub tus menyuam lub ntiaj teb los hloov nws. Hauv qhov no, kev tawm tswv yim pedological, kev sib tham nrog niam txiv, thiab kev kuaj mob hlwb ntawm cov menyuam raug tsim.

Pedology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb nyuaj, yog li nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus yog ua raws li kev kawm tiav ntawm tus menyuam. Psychology thiab pedology tau ntev tau txheeb xyuas nrog ib leeg, lub tswv yim thib ob tau tawm ntawm thawj. Yog li ntawd, kev puas siab puas ntsws nam tseem tseem nyob hauv pedology.

pedology yog
pedology yog

Los ntawm 50s, cov tswv yim ntawm pedology ib nrab pib rov qab mus rau pedagogy thiab psychology. Thiab 20 xyoo tom qab ntawd, kev kawm txuj ci tseem ceeb tau pib siv cov kev xeem rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov menyuam yaus.

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