Buddhist stupa: npe, cult tseem ceeb. Buddhism kab lis kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Miguel Ramacey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 06:20

Txij thaum ub los, txhua haiv neeg muaj kev faus neeg tshwj xeeb thiab chaw tshwj xeeb rau lawv. Cov neeg tuaj rau ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv, them tribute rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg, tom qab kev tuag ntawm ib tug neeg nto moo, ib tug mound tau nchuav rau nws faus, yog li ntawd cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tuaj yeem tuaj rau qhov chaw no thiab hneev rau nws, nco ntsoov qhov ua tiav ntawm tus neeg faus ntawm no. Hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Buddha. Peb caw koj kom paub nws zoo dua. Tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no, koj yuav kawm paub tias lub tsev teev ntuj Buddha, lub roob dawb huv thiab lub mound yog cov ntsiab lus muaj feem xyuam. Peb kuj yuav tham txog cov monuments nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Buddhism txuam nrog tus tsim ntawm qhov kev qhia no.

thawj stupas

Nyob hauv Is Nrias teb, thawj stupas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pre-Buddhist lub sij hawm. Thaum pib, lawv yog cov monuments uas tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm cov thawj coj hauv Is Nrias teb thaum ub. Lo lus "stupa" yog Sanskrit keeb kwm. Hauv kev txhais lus, nws txhais tau tias "crown", "knot of hair", "heap of stones and earth" los yog "sab sauv ntawm lub taub hau". Kev lig kev cai ntawm cremating cov seem coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb thaum lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muaj burials nyob rau hauv lub niaj zaus kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus. Nws yuav tsum tau txuag tsuas yog unburned seem los yog tshauv. Raws nraimnyob rau hauv stupas thiab muab tso rau dab tsi tshuav tom qab cremation.

Txoj Kev Ntseeg

Tom qab qee lub sij hawm, cov stupas tau los ua reliquaries, uas seem ntawm sab ntsuj plig tus kheej tau khaws cia. Lawv pib tsim tsa thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Buddha kuj nyob rau hauv nws hwm. Piv txwv li, Lotus Stupa tau tsim los ntawm nws txiv, King Suddhodana, hauv Nepal (hauv Lumbini, qhov chaw uas Buddha yug) thaum nws lub neej. Nws muaj cov duab cylindrical nrog xya lossis plaub txheej ntawm lotuses.

Ib txhia stupas uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm Buddha kuj hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Peb tab tom tham txog plaub reliquary stupas. Cov tub lag luam Tapussa thiab Bhalika ua ob tug ntawm lawv hla cov plaub hau thiab clippings ntawm tus xib fwb cov rau tes. Tib lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim los ntawm Anathapindaka. Lwm qhov yog paub, uas nws kuj tau tsim dua qhov seem ntawm Shariputra.

Stupa ua khoom plig

Tus Tswv xav kom ib tug stupa ua rau nws seem tom qab nws tuag. Nws muab lub monument no lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Txij ntawm no mus, lub stupa tau pom tias yog ib qho khoom siv rau kev ua koob tsheej ua rau nws tus kheej Buddha-nature, uas yog lub cim ntawm Buddha lub siab. Nws ntseeg tau tias los ntawm kev muab khoom, tib neeg khaws cov khoom zoo. Maj mam, lawv nrhiav pom Buddha qhov xwm txheej hauv lawv tus kheej ntau dua thiab thaum kawg tuaj yeem nkag siab, kom muaj kev zoo siab kawg.

Ntau yam stupas hnub no

Tam sim no, tsis yog tag nrho cov stupas yog reliquaries, vim tsis yog tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj lub cev seem. Tsuas yog ib feem feem ntau muab tso rau hauv lub stupaseem, uas tsis tuaj yeem hu ua faus. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov ntawv dawb ceev lossis khoom siv, cov khaub ncaws ntawm tus kws qhia paub paub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav tsis muaj relics nyob rau hauv lub stupa kiag li. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsuas yog ua hauj lwm raws li lub npe ntawm ib qho chaw nco, tsim nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb uas cim txog Buddhism. Nws tsis yog yooj yim los tham luv luv txog stupas. Muaj ntau hom ntawm lawv. Stupas ua rau kev hwm ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hu ua memorial. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tsim kho raws li kev cog lus. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib cov stupas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm kev hwm ntawm Buddha. Lawv yog reliquary.

8 reliquary stupas

Tom qab Buddha tuag, cov relics uas tseem tshuav tom qab nws faus neeg ntseeg tau muab faib ua 8 seem. Lawv tau muab tso rau hauv 8 stupas nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Is Nrias teb, nyob rau hauv cov uas tau txuam nrog lub neej ntawm ib tug zoo xib fwb uas qhia txog Buddhism. Cia peb piav me ntsis txog lawv txhua tus.

Vajntxwv Magadha Ajatashatru tsa ib tug hauv Rajgir, Shakyas hauv Kapilavastu, Lichchhavi hauv Vaishali, Koliya hauv Ramagram, Buli hauv Allakap, Mallas hauv Pave. Lwm ceg ntawm Mallas ua lub stupa nyob rau hauv Kushinagara, thiab ib tug brahmin los ntawm Vetthapida tsa nws nyob rau hauv nws lub zos. Cov no yog cov 8 stupas, nyob rau hauv uas seem ntawm Buddha nyob. Lawv hu ua lub tsev teev mlom loj.

4 Pilgrimage Sites Tsim los ntawm Buddha

Cov ntsiab lus xws li "8 qhov chaw ntawm kev mus ncig" thiab "8 sutric stupas" lossis "8 stupas ntawm Tathagata" kuj muaj. Lawv txuas nrog lub neej. Tathagata, i.e. Buddha Shakyamuni. Tus Buddha nws tus kheej tau xaiv 4 qhov chaw ntawm kev mus ncig nrog nws lub neej. Nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm lawv nws yug los, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob nws tau txais enlightenment, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb nws muab nws thawj qhia, nyob rau hauv lub thib plaub nws nkag mus rau hauv parinirvana. Cov chaw no yog ib txwm txheeb xyuas nrog Lumbini (Kapilavastu), Bodhgaya, Sarnath thiab Kushinagara raws.

Plaub qhov tseem ceeb

Lub Lotus Stupa tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lumbini, uas yog ua los ntawm King Suddhodana (Buddha's txiv) thaum nws lub neej. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lotus. Nws symbolizes lub hnub yug ntawm Buddha.

Lub Stupa ntawm Enlightenment tau tsim nyob rau hauv Bodhgaya, txwv tsis pub - yeej dhau txhua yam teeb meem. Nws tus tsim yog Dharma King Bimbisara. Lub stupa no tau tsa tom qab kev pom kev ntawm Tathagata. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm yim, cim lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev Buddha - ua tiav kev nkag siab, kev lees paub ntawm ib lub siab. Lub monument no kuj yog lub cim ntawm kev kov yeej txhua daim ntaub thaiv thiab obstacles.

Lub stupa ntawm kev txawj ntse (los yog 16 rooj vag) tau ua hauv Sarnath. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tus Tathagata tau muab nws thawj cov lus qhia, uas yog hu ua Four Noble Truths.

Parinirvana stupa tau tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv tawm mus, hauv Kushinagar. Nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov duab yog lub tswb, uas txhais tau hais tias kev txawj ntse zoo meej ntawm Buddha. Daim ntawv no qhia txog kev mus rau hauv parinirvana.

Plaub stupas txuam nrog txuj ci tseem ceeb

Rau 4 qhov chaw mus ncig saum toj no, 4 ntxiv tau ntxiv tom qab, ntsig txog cov txuj ci tseem ceeb ua los ntawm Buddha. Cov no yog Vaishali, Sankasya (Shinkasi), Shravasti thiab Rajgir. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem Buddha pacifiedpissed ntawm ntxhw. Tus tsiaj raug xa los ntawm Devadata, nws tus npawg.

Lub Tuam Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes, lossis Kev Sib Koom Tes, tau tsim los ua kev zoo siab rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Sangha. Ntawm no, tom qab uas Buddha tau ncaim mus, Thawj Pawg Thawj Coj tau tuav. Cov ntawv ntawm Vinaya thiab Sutras tau kho rau nws.

Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Miracles tau ua hauv Shravasti hauv kev hwm ntawm kev yeej los ntawm Buddha tshaj rau tus kws qhia ntawv hauv Jetavana hav zoov, uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm cov tub lag luam Anathapindaka. Cov kws qhia ntawv no yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Tus Buddha tau qhia txog ob qho txuj ci tseem ceeb. Nws sawv saum huab cua, qhov chaw uas nws tawm ntawm nws tus kheej nplaim taws thiab dav hlau dej tib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ntawd, zaum saum lub lotus, nws tau nthuav tawm ntau Buddhas saum ntuj rau lawv. Lub monument no tau tsim tsa los ntawm Lisabi.

Lub Tsev Nceeg Vaj ntawm Tushita qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob saum ntuj los ua hauv Shinkasi. Buddha Shakyamuni rov ua qhov kev coj ua qhia los ntawm Buddhas yav dhau los. Raws li nws, nws tau nce mus rau Tushita ntuj ceeb tsheej. Ntawm no tus Buddha qhia Abhidharma rau nws niam tuag, nrog rau 33 deities nrog rau lawv cov retinue. Tom qab ntawd, nws nqis los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb raws ib tug zoo staircase tsim rau nws los ntawm cov vajtswv Indra thiab Brahma. Lub cim ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke no yog ntau cov kauj ruam uas nthuav tawm ntawm lub monument.

Lub stupa ntawm yeej zoo meej originated nyob rau hauv Vaishali. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Buddha, ib tug plague ravaged lub nroog. Nws tswj kom nres nws. Los ntawm qhov no, Buddha tau txhawb kev hlub thiab kev hwm ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Thaum nws rov tuaj xyuas Vaishali lawm, cov liab txawm khawb ib lub pas dej rau tus Tswv thiab muab zib ntab rau tus xib hwb. Qhov chaw no yog ib tug txiv nkhaus taw, uas lub courtesan Amrapali nthuav qhia rau Buddha. Ntawm no nws tshaj tawm rau nws cov thwjtim tias tsis ntev nws yuav tawm mus. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv thov kom nws tsis txhob tso lawv. Tus Buddha ncua nws txoj sia ntev li peb lub hlis, yog li kov yeej txoj kev tuag thiab lub sijhawm.

Ntau cov npe thiab qhov chaw ntawm stupas

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov chaw ntawm kev mus ncig tau piav qhia saum toj no, nrog rau cov stupas uas tshwm sim hauv lawv, tsuas yog ib feem cuam tshuam nrog cov reliquary stupas, uas tau hais hauv Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Tibetan cov peev txheej muaj cov npe sib txawv ntawm cov uas cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm Buddha. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv qhov chaw kuj txawv. Feem ntau, cov npe no tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm qhov ncauj kev lig kev cai. Lawv txuas nrog cov kev cai uas twb muaj lawm ntawm pilgrimages mus rau qhov chaw nco. Thaum sib txawv, ntau stupas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Sarnath, cov ruins ntawm ob peb ntawm lawv tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov twg ntawm ob - Dhamekh lossis Dharmarajika - tau tsim tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw uas Buddha ib zaug tau qhia thawj zaug.

Yim Sutric Stupas

Muaj kev xav tias lub tswv yim ntawm "8 stupas ntawm Tathagata" tsis yog qhov kev xav ntawm lub neej ntawm qee qhov tshwj xeeb monuments, tab sis tsuas yog tso cai rau koj los txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Buddha txoj kev ua neej nrog cov chaw ntawd. qhov twg muaj ntau monuments ntawm Buddhism. Nyob rau hauv Tibetan kev lig kev cai, qhov no ua rau ib pawg ntawm yim sutric stupas, uas txawv nyob rau hauv architectural ntsiab lus ntawm ib leeg.

Stupas hauv Is Nrias teb thiab dhau mus

Txhua qhov chaw mus ncig saum toj no, nrog rau cov tsev khaws khoom loj loj, nyob rau sab qaum tebIs Nrias teb. Nws nyob ntawm no uas Buddha nyob thiab nthuav nws cov lus qhia. Tom qab 3rd c. BC e. Emperor Ashoka tau mus xyuas cov chaw no, kev mus ncig ntawm no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib raug zoo. Tom qab ntawd Ashoka tau tsim ntau lub stupas thoob plaws Is Nrias teb. Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no yog nyob rau hauv Bharhut thiab Sanchi (India), nrog rau hauv Nepal thiab Patan. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau tsim hauv Gandhara (thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan niaj hnub thiab Pakistan).

Stupa hauv Sanchi, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm saum toj no, nyob ob peb mais ntawm Bhopal. Nws yog suav hais tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Is Nrias teb, khaws cia hauv peb lub sijhawm thiab cuam tshuam txog kev ntseeg. Lub stupa ntawm Sanchi muaj cov duab hemispherical. Nws tsis muaj qhov chaw sab hauv. Lub stupa no zaum ntawm ib puag ncig lub plinth nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 31 m. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib lub terrace uas tau siv los ua koob tsheej.

Borobudur stupa kuj nthuav. Borobudur yog lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws ntawm Buddhism, ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 7th-9th centuries. (Duab ntawm nws tau nthuav tawm saum toj no). Nws nyob ntawm txog. Java, 50 km ntawm Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Borobudur yog qhov chaw nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws no. Lub tuam tsev no, tsis zoo li lwm tus ua rau ntawm lub tiaj tiaj, tau ua rau saum toj. Raws li ib tug version, nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pas dej. Muaj ib txoj kev xav raws li qhov uas Borobudur, xav txog nyob rau hauv nws daim iav nto, symbolized ib lub paj paj. Nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab ntsig txog Buddhism, paj paj yog pom. Buddha feem ntauzaum saum lub zwm txwv uas zoo li lub paj tawg. Ntawm cov stupas ntawm Borobudur, nrog rau ntau lwm lub tuam tsev, cov paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag no pom.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, stupas tau tsim tsis yog hauv Is Nrias teb xwb. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Buddhism yog ubiquitous. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, los ntawm txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem pom lawv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Longsal stupa. Nws tau tsim tsis ntev los no, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2012. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej no nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Izhevsk, tsis deb ntawm Karlutskaya Square.