Alchemy evokes sib txawv koom haum nyob rau hauv niaj hnub txiv neej. Feem ntau koom nrog kev xyaum alchemy nrog txoj kev tsaus ntuj thiab nqaim ntawm Prague thiab lwm lub nroog nyob sab Europe medieval. Ntau tus, ntawm qhov hais txog qhov kev tshawb fawb no, pib tham txog lub pob zeb philosopher thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua yam uas tuaj rau tes rau hauv kub. Tau kawg, tsis muaj leej twg tsis nco qab txog lub elixir ntawm cov hluas nyob mus ib txhis.
Thiab yuav luag txhua tus paub tseeb tias alchemy tsis yog kev tshawb fawb, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg dag ntxias thiab cov neeg ua yuam kev ncaj ncees tau koom nrog nws, ntxiv rau, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Meanwhile, qhov no tsis muaj tseeb kiag li.
Yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg alchemy tsim?
Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau yug los tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub cellars ntub dej ntawm medieval European castles thiab tsis nyob rau hauv oblique tsaus alleys ntawm Prague, raws li muaj coob tus ntseeg. Alchemy ntau dua, tab sis nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub sijhawm lub sijhawm ntawm nws keeb kwm. Nws tsuas yog paub tseeb tias kev sim tshuaj lom neeg tau ua nyob rau hauv Egypt thaum ub, Middle East thiab, tej zaum, hauv tebchaws Greece.
Lub sijhawm thaum ub, uas yog, thaum lub sijhawm 2nd-6th centuries, qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb alchemical yog tim lyiv teb chaws, los yog ntau dua precisely, Alexandria. Lub sijhawm no ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tso tseg tsis yog tsuas yog cov cim alchemical pom los ntawm archaeologists ntawm qhov chaw khawb thiab cov keeb kwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob, tab sis kuj muaj lwm cov pov thawj.
Nyob rau xyoo III, lub tebchaws Roman tau ntsib teeb meem ntawm lub hwj chim. Lub xeev ntawm tsoomfwv tsis muaj zog no tau xaus nrog kev nkag mus rau Roman lub zwm txwv ntawm Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian. Nws yog tus txiv neej no uas hloov lub tseem fwv, ua tus huab tais ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev, thiab tsis yog thawj ntawm cov senators, raws li yav dhau los.
Diocletian nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm alchemy ua thawj tus tsim txom. Txawm hais tias kev tsim txom yog vim yog kev ua ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thiab tsuas yog kev ua pauj rau ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Rome. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 297, Lucius Domitius Domitian tau tsa Iyi tebchaws tawm tsam lub tebchaws. Ntau qhov tseeb, lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no tsis yog los rhuav tshem lub hwj chim ntawm Rome, tab sis mus txeeb nws. Lub epicenter ntawm kev ntxeev siab yog Alexandria. Ntawm chav kawm, kev ntxeev siab tau hnyav heev thiab, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, sai heev, tsuas yog ib xyoos xwb, raug tshem tawm. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam rau lub zwm txwv Roman nws tus kheej tau tuag rau qhov tsis paub vim li cas thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Alexandria, thiab nws tus pab cuam, uas coj lub nroog tiv thaiv, raug tua.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam yog Diocletian qhov kev txiav txim kom rhuav tshem tag nrho cov papyri, cov ntawv, cov ntawv thiab lwm yam kev paub txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau thiab cov khoom rau hauv kub lossis nyiaj. Piv txwv li, tus huab tais nrhiav kev rhuav tshem tsis muaj kev paub ntau npaum liib qho chaw uas tsis muaj nyiaj txaus nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, yog li ua rau muaj kev khav theeb thiab ua kom lub nroog muaj koob meej thiab lub pov thawj hwj. Txawm nws yog, tab sis ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm kev txawj ntse, sau ntau centuries, twb ploj lawm. Txawm hais tias qee phau ntawv ua txuj ci tseem ceeb muaj sia nyob thiab tom qab ntawd tau los ua ib qho kev hwm tshaj plaws hauv cov voj voog alchemical.
Tom qab cov xwm txheej tu siab no, alchemists maj mam pib txav mus rau Middle East. Cov Arabs tau tsim qhov kev tshawb fawb no, ua rau ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb. Archaeologists pom cov cim alchemical thoob plaws hauv Middle East, qhia txog kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no hauv ntiaj teb Arab. Lub heyday ntawm Arab alchemy yog suav tias yog VIII-IX centuries. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws yog ces hais tias txoj kev xav ntawm thawj lub ntsiab lus, uas originated nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab koom nrog Aristotle, tau txhim kho. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub tshuab distillation tau tshwm sim. Thawj zaug, cov Arab alchemists tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm numerology. Tab sis dhau ntawm qhov no, nws yog cov kws tshawb fawb Arab uas xub qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb lub pob zeb. Lub chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm alchemists yog Baghdad thiab Cordoba. Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb tau ua haujlwm hauv Cordoba, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog alchemy.
Yuav ua li cas thiab thaum twg alchemy tau mus rau Tebchaws Europe?
Nws feem ntau lees txais tias cov neeg paub txog European cov kws tshawb fawb nrog kev ua yeeb yam pib hauv lub xyoo pua VIII, vim yog kev txeeb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Iberian Peninsula los ntawm Arabs. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho European alchemy tau ua si los ntawm Dominican monks - German Albert the Great, canonized los ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic, thiab ib tug ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, Thomas Aquinas. Peru Albert muaj ob peb alchemic altreatises raws li ancient Greek tej hauj lwm ntawm qhov xwm.
thawj tus kws tshawb fawb los "ua haujlwm" siv cov cim alchemical hauv nws cov ntawv sau yog Briton Roger Bacon, tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws qhia kev ntseeg thiab tus kws kho mob, thiab ntxiv rau qhov no, kuj yog Franciscan tus txiv plig. Tus txiv neej no, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, suav hais tias yog thawj European alchemist.
Cov cim alchemical tseem ceeb txhais li cas?
Alchemical cov cim thiab cov cim uas tau tsim maj mam dhau ntau pua xyoo ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis yog siv los ntawm cov neeg uas tau kawm xwb. Kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, cov cim tseem siv tau yooj yim los xaiv cov tshuaj, tshuaj.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm kaj ntug thiab ua ntej pib ploj mus, cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim txom pib los ntawm pontiff John XXII, tau hais tawm hauv kev txwv tsis pub ua qhov kev tshawb fawb no hauv tebchaws Ltalis, lub cim tseem ceeb tau tsim.
Cov cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws suav nrog cov duab:
- plaub yam tseem ceeb;
- peb lub ntsiab;
- xya hlau.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj no yog lub hauv paus ntawm alchemy tag nrho. Tau kawg, ntxiv rau lawv, alchemists siv lwm yam tshuaj thiab cov ntsiab lus, uas sib haum rau lawv tus kheej lub npe.
Plaub lub ntsiab
Cov alchemists tau txiav txim siab plaub yam tseem ceeb:
- fire;
- lub ntiaj teb;
- air;
- dej.
Yog, cov ntsiab lus. Alchemical science nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm thawjpom tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm originality. Tab sis cov duab kos duab zoo li peculiar.
Lub cim ntawm hluav taws kub yog ib daim duab peb sab, zoo ib yam li cov duab ntawm lub pyramid, tsis muaj kev sib tsoo ntxiv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia lub ntiaj teb ua ib daim duab peb sab inverted, taw qhia thiab hla mus ze nws nrog ib kab. Huab cua tau piav qhia nrog kev pab los ntawm ib qho kev kos npe, uas yog daim iav tsom ntawm lub cim ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Daim paib zoo li ib daim duab peb sab zoo tib yam, coj mus rau sab saud, hla los ntawm kab. Dej, raws li, tau tshwm sim raws li lub antipode ntawm hluav taws. Nws kos npe yog daim duab peb sab uas yooj yim tab sis upside-down.
Cov cim tseem ceeb
Ntau zaus, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm alchemical lub tswv yim sim ua ke Christian Trinity nrog cov cim tseem ceeb. Tab sis peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm alchemy tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov lus qhuab qhia Christian.
Raws li kev kho mob ntawm Paracelsus, uas tso siab rau nws cov ntawv sau ntawm cov seem ntawm kev paub thaum ub, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau alchemists yog:
- ntsev;
- sulfur;
- mercury.
Cov no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj teeb meem, ntsuj plig thiab dej.
Lub cim alchemical ntawm ntsev, uas embodies qhov tseem ceeb, cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb, zoo li lub pob lossis ib qho chaw hla hauv ib nrab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus kws tshawb fawb siv qhov kev xaiv no. Qee cov alchemists siv lub npe tsis muaj tus ntoo khaub lig. Muaj cov kws tshawb fawb uas qhia txog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov duab ntawm lub pob nrog ob kab hla. Qhov no tau ua kom tsis muaj leej twgTsis yog lawv tus kheej thiab lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov neeg ua raws, tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv.
Lub cim alchemical ntawm leej faj sawv cev rau tus ntsuj plig, ib qho tag nrho thiab ib feem ntawm lub neej nws tus kheej. Cov cim no tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim duab peb sab nrog ib tug ntoo khaub lig tawm ntawm lub hauv paus. Daim duab peb sab tsis tau hla tawm, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov kos npe no tau hloov pauv qee yam txhawm rau txhawm rau zais lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv uas tau pom los ntawm qhov kev sim.
Lub cim alchemical ntawm mercury ib txhij ua cim ob lub ntiaj teb Mercury thiab Greek vajtswv nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog lub embodiment ntawm cov dej ntws uas txuas rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab ntawm lub ntug, lub ntuj ceeb tsheej dome nrog lub ntiaj teb firmament. Ntawd yog, cov dej ntws uas txiav txim siab qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm lub neej, kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau yam ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm qhov. Cov duab nraaj ntawm lub cim no yog ib qho ntawm cov complex, ntau yam. Lub hauv paus ntawm daim duab yog kheej kheej lossis lub voj voog, lub pob. Sab saum toj ntawm lub cim yog crowned nrog qhib hemisphere, reminiscent ntawm ib tug schematic depiction ntawm nyuj horns nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt. Nyob rau hauv qab ntawm daim paib yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig loj hlob tawm ntawm ciam teb kab ntawm tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, mercury tsis yog tsuas yog lub embodiment ntawm qhov kawg ntws ntawm cov kua, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm xya lub ntsiab hlau.
Kev tsim cov hlau tseem ceeb
Alchemical cov cim qhia thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus yuav tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm xya lub ntsiab hlau.
Metals endowed los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog:
- lead;
- mercury;
- tin;
- iron;
- tooj;
- nyiaj;
- kub.
Txhua tus ntawm lawv sib raug rau ib lub cev xilethi-aus tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, cov duab kos duab ntawm cov hlau yog tib lub sijhawm cov cim ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus. Qhov no tsis tau ntxiv qhov tseeb rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, vim tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus dav dav nws nyuaj heev kom nkag siab cov cim alchemical thiab cov cim thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus. Lub cim zoo li nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia.
Cov ntiaj chaw Neptune, Uranus thiab Pluto tau tshawb pom tom qab lub tswv yim ntawm cov hlau yooj yim hauv alchemy. Ntau tus thwjtim ntawm alchemy, uas tau coj mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg thiab tom qab ntawd, ntseeg tias nws yog qhov tsis muaj kev paub txog peb lub ntiaj teb thiab lawv cov hlau sib txuas uas piav qhia txog feem ntau ntawm kev ua tsis tiav hauv kev sim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb medieval.
Lub cev ntuj ceeb tsheej twg sib haum rau cov hlau hauv paus?
Alchemical cov cim qhia cov hlau thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus hauv astrology sib haum rau cov piv txwv hauv qab no:
- Lub hnub yeej kub.
- Moon is the patroness of silver.
- Venus yog txuam nrog tooj.
- Mars yog lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev ua phem, tau kawg, sib raug rau hlau.
- Jupiter yog lub ntuj ceeb tsheej xav txog ntawm tin.
- Mercury yog ib tug Greek vajtswv ya nyob rau hauv tis khau khiab; zoo li lub cev cosmic ntawm tib lub npe, nws yog txuam nrog mercury.
- Saturn - nyob deb thiab tsis paub, qhia txog kev coj.
Cov ntiaj chaw pom tom qab kuj tau txais kev sib txuas nrog cov hlau thiab cov duab kos duab hauv alchemy. Lawv cov hlau yog consonant nyob rau hauv lawv cov npe nrog cov npentiaj chaw lawv tus kheej - Neptunium, Uranus, Plutonium. Tau kawg, nyob rau hauv ib txwm medieval science, cov ntiaj chaw, zoo li hlau, tsis muaj nyob.
Puas muaj lwm yam?
Ntxiv rau lub cim tseem ceeb, uas, raws li txoj cai, tsis hloov pauv thiab zoo ib yam hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau, kuj muaj cov npe hu ua "floating" designations. Cov cim zoo li no tsis muaj cov ntawv sau meej meej hauv kev sau ntawv thiab tau piav qhia ntau txoj hauv kev.
Lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom me me, cov cim qhia ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas tsis muaj kev faib tawm meej, yog "ntiaj teb", lossis mundane. Cov ntsiab lus no suav nrog:
- arsenic;
- boron;
- antimony;
- bismuth;
- magnesium;
- platinum;
- pob zeb - ib qho;
- poov tshuaj;
- zinc thiab lwm yam.
phosphorus
Cov tshuaj no tau suav tias yog thawj qhov thib ob. Ntawd yog, cov txheej txheem alchemical tseem ceeb tau ua tiav, raws li txoj cai, nrog rau lawv siv.
Dab tsi yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb?
Cov txheej txheem alchemical tseem ceeb txhawm rau hloov cov tshuaj yog:
- kev sib txuas;
- decomposition;
- hloov kho;
- fixation;
- kev sib cais;
- multiplication.
Muaj 12 cov txheej txheem hauv paus hauv alchemy, raws li lub voj voog zodiac. Tus lej no tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no thiab siv txoj hauv kev tsis sib xws. Cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov txheej txheem lawv tus kheej kuj coincides nrog lub zodiac sawv daws yuav, tab sis nws yuav tsum supplemented los ntawm cov cim qhia txog txoj kev tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim.
Dab tsi yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv kev sim tshuaj lom neeg?
Cov txheej txheem saum toj no tau ua raws li hauv qab no:
- calcination;
- oxidation;
- freezing;
- dissolve;
- ua tsaug;
- distillation;
- filtering;
- fermentation;
- -putrefaction.
Txhua txoj hauv kev tau thov nruj me ntsis raws li tus nqi tam sim no ntawm daim zodiacal.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau kaw li cas?
Alchemical cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo ib yam li cov uas siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no uas sau cov saw ntawm kev sim nrog cov tshuaj. Alchemists feem ntau tso tseg lawv txoj haujlwm tsis yog kab ntawm cov cim tsis paub, tab sis cov duab tiag tiag.
Ntawm cov lus piav qhia, raws li txoj cai, qhia tag nrho cov kev sim thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau txais, cov khoom pib tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov duab duab ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb twb tau ncaim ntawm nws mus rau ntau qhov kev taw qhia, zoo li rays. Ntawm chav kawm, qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev kho cov haujlwm ua tiav thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau ua tiav hauv kev sim tsis yog tib qho xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau qhov pib ntawm kev kaw cia tau muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim duab.
