Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, Veliky Novgorod: duab thiab nta ntawm architecture

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Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, Veliky Novgorod: duab thiab nta ntawm architecture
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, Veliky Novgorod: duab thiab nta ntawm architecture

Video: Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, Veliky Novgorod: duab thiab nta ntawm architecture

Video: Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, Veliky Novgorod: duab thiab nta ntawm architecture
Video: Lees kev txhaum txiav caj txiav ces - by Mao NTZ - YKCDimUSA 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Ntawm cov architectural monuments ntawm Ancient Russia, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm ib lub tuam tsev tsim nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th thiab hu ua St. Nicholas Cathedral. Luv luv, keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation yog piav nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau uas tau los rau peb, thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm archaeological ua hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv nws. Cia peb saib ze ze ntawm no cov pov thawj tshwj xeeb ntawm antiquity.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral

Tub huabtais yog qhov nyiam ntawm Novgorodians

Raws li lub monument ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb, hu ua "thib ob Novgorod Chronicle", nyob rau hauv 1113 tus tub ntawm Vladimir Monomakh, Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, nyob rau sab xis bank ntawm lub Volkhov, ib tug tub ntawm Vladimir Monomakh. pob zeb Cathedral tau tsim los ntawm lub npe ntawm St. Nicholas tus Wonderworker.

Thaum dhau mus, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mstislav nws tus kheej, nrog nws txoj kev ua zoo, yeej kev hlub thiab kev hwm thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Novgorodians. Thawj thawj zaug, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej ntawm lub Volkhov nyob rau hauv 1088, thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum peb, xa mus rau nws ib ntus kav los ntawm nws yawg, Grand Duke. Kyiv Vsevolod. Tus thawj coj hluas poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog cov neeg hauv nroog txog li xya xyoo tom qab lawv lawv tus kheej hu nws, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1097 Novgorod tau raug xa mus rau Mstislav los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Lyubech Congress ntawm Princes.

Main Veche Cathedral ntawm Novgorod

Qhov chaw ua lub tuam tsev tsis raug xaiv los ntawm lub sijhawm. Raws li hauv qab no los ntawm tib lub sijhawm, ib puas xyoo dhau los, ua ib tug tub huabtais Novgorod, Yaroslav the Wise tau tsim nws cov chav nyob ntawd. Yog li, qhov chaw no, nyob rau sab nraud Novgorod Kremlin, hu ua Detinets, tau txais cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, thiab Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral - raws li nws tau pib hu ua cov neeg, tau tsim ua lub tsev teev ntuj loj-ducal. Nws tseem yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws yog ib lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv Novgorod, uas muaj hnub nyoog tsuas yog rau St. Sophia Cathedral.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral Novgorod
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral Novgorod

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral tau fij rau hauv 1136, thaum, tau ntiab tawm Kiev Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vsevolod Mstislavovich, cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau tsim lub koom pheej Novgorod. Nws yog paub tias txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm St. Nicholas los ua nws lub ntsiab veche cathedral. Txog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo 1478, lub nroog pawg sablaj uas nrov nrov thiab tsis sib haum xeeb tau sib sau ua ke ze ntawm nws qhov nkag.

Cathedral Square, uas tau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam nom tswv

Txij li lub sijhawm tseemfwv tebchaws tau tsim tsa hauv Novgorod, qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus tub huabtais tau tsiv tawm sab nraud lub nroog thiab nyob hauv Rurik Settlement. Txij thaum ntawd los, tau poob qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj grand-ducal, lub tsev teev ntuj yog lub nroog thiab qhib rau txhua tus.xav.

Raws li cov neeg sau keeb kwm, txij li xyoo 1228 lub tsev teev ntuj St. Nicholas (Veliky Novgorod) tau pom muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm nom tswv thiab cov tib neeg. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib sau ua ke raug cai, cov neeg koom nrog uas tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub zej zog, lub npe hu ua seditious veche tau sib sau ua ke ze ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Niaj hnub no, lub square cathedral tau muaj ntau pua qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis txaus siab tau ua rau ntawm lub square pem hauv ntej ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral, qhov twg lub tswb nrov tau muab tso rau.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral Veliky Novgorod
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral Veliky Novgorod

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog

Keeb kwm ntawm Novgorod thaum ub thaum lub sijhawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm kev ywj pheej tseem tau khaws pov thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis yog ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov pejxeem, faib los ntawm kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsib lub nroog sib txawv ntawm lub nroog, hu ua "kawg. ". Cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu qhov tshwm sim no "kev tawm tsam-Konchan."

Ntawm lub rooj vag sab hnub poob ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau muab tso rau hauv lub npe hu ua veche degree - lub platform lossis platform npaj rau cov neeg koom siab tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv veche, sawv ntawm qhov tau suav tias yog kev hwm zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog (1218-1219), thaum tseem tsis tau paub meej delineation ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm txhua lub warring tog, lub St. Nicholas Cathedral thiab lub square nyob ib sab mus rau nws tau los ua tus. qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg hnyav, qee zaum txhim kho rau hauv kev sib cav qhib.

Nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev txuag vaults

muaj xwm txheejLub tuam tsev hauv nroog, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ib qho chaw dawb huv, lub tsev teev ntuj, raws li kev coj noj coj ua tau tsim los txij thaum ub, yog qhov chaw nkaum rau txhua tus neeg uas nrhiav kev cawmdim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab kev npau taws ntawm cov neeg. Ntau qhov piv txwv zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tshwj xeeb, ib qho ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm tias xyoo 1338 cov exiled archimandrites Esif thiab Lavrentiy tau khiav tawm ntawm pawg neeg ntxeev siab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nws. Cov neeg taug kev ntev ntev tau saib xyuas lawv ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis tsis txhob ntshai nkag mus rau sab hauv, uas cawm cov neeg khiav tawm txoj sia.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral luv luv
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral luv luv

Lub sijhawm poob ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj

Nyob rau hauv ib-paus xyoo tom ntej, thaum Novgorod poob nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab tau los ua ib feem ntawm Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm, lub qub veche St. Nicholas-Dvorishchensky Cathedral tsis nyob rau hauv lub diocesan department, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub palace. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais qee qhov nyiaj pab hauv lub xeev rau nws txoj kev saib xyuas thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau qhov xwm txheej.

Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Empress Elizabeth Petrovna nws tau raug xa mus rau lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm Novgorod diocese thiab dhau los ua lub nroog cathedral tsis muaj pawg ntseeg, uas tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau nws cov nyiaj txiag. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, vim tias tsis muaj peev nyiaj xav tau los kho qhov loj, Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral (Novgorod) thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua tau poob qis heev thiab poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj.

Nyob raws kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj

Tsuas txij li thaum huab tais huab tais Alexander kuv ua lub neej ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj pib hloov mus rau qhov zoo dua. Xyoo 1810, los ntawm cov lus txib siab tshaj, muajCov nyiaj tau muab faib rau nws txoj kev tsim kho, ua tsaug uas nws muaj peev xwm los tsim kev txuas ntxiv rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb, uas muaj tsev nyob: lub sacristy, sov aisles, square thiab ib lub sam thiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum nws tus tub kav, Nicholas kuv, hauv pem teb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau paving nrog cam khwb cia hlau slabs.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral yees duab
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral yees duab

Xyoo 1913, Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral (Novgorod) tau txais cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg imperial nyob rau hauv nws phab ntsa. Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev tshwm sim yog lub 800th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub hauv paus thiab lub 300th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub txiav txim lub tsev ntawm Romanov. Nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev mus ntsib cov qhua, ntau yam kev kho kom zoo nkauj tau ua nyob rau hauv nws.

Txoj hmoo ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet xyoo

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj, cov tub ceev xwm tshiab tsis tau kaw lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muaj sia nyob los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab nco txog cov neeg laus. Tsuas yog kev cuam tshuam hauv nws lub neej tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Novgorod City Executive Committee ntawm xyoo 1933, raws li lub tuam tsev tam sim no tau los ua ib lub tsev cia puav pheej. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev mus ncig ua si tau muaj nyob hauv nws phab ntsa nrog rau kev pe hawm.

Thaum tsov rog, St. Nicholas Cathedral raug puas tsuaj loj heev. Tshwj xeeb, nws lub ru tsev thiab sab sauv tau puas los ntawm kev tua phom. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib sib zog nqus sib sib zog nqus hla tag nrho cov ntim thaum ub los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob, dhau los ntawm cov masonry ntawm phab ntsa, arches thiab vaults. Lub ru tsev tau tawg tag los ntawm lub foob pob tawg rau sab hnub poob.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral frescoes
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral frescoes

Tom qab tsov rog kawg, kev ua haujlwm kho dua tshiab tau ua tiav thiabNikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral tau rov qab los rau cov neeg ntseeg, tab sis xyoo 1962 nws txoj cai raws li lub tuam tsev nquag raug tshem tawm. Txij thaum ntawd los, nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Novgorod Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Zos Hauv Zos, nws tau dhau los ua qhov khoom ntawm kev ua tib zoo kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, ntau yam ntawm archaeological ua hauj lwm tau ua, uas ua rau kom tau ib tug ntau tiav daim duab ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab thawj tsos. Lub nroog planetarium tau teeb tsa hauv lub dome ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral: architectural nta

Hnub no, lub tsev teev ntuj thaum ub, uas khaws cia hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov koom pheej ywj pheej Novgorod, nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm lwm lub tsev uas tsim cov complex ntawm Novgorod Market. Nws cov qauv vaj tsev zoo nkauj yog qhov tseeb thiab nruj heev.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm, yog lub tsev tsib-domed pem hauv ntej, bounded rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm peb apses - semicircular ledges ntawm phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv uas lub thaj yog muab tso rau. Nws cov vaults so rau rau tus ncej muaj zog nyob hauv lub tsev loj.

Nrog nws cov ntsiab lus, lub tuam tsev qhia nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus masterpiece ntawm ancient Novgorod architecture - St. Sophia Cathedral. Feem ntau, raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab, nws cov tsos zoo sib xws rau cov kab lis kev cai tsim nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Kievan Rus ntawm XII caug xyoo. Ntau lub tuam tsev ntawm Novgorod, suav nrog St. Nicholas-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, tau los ua lawv txuas ntxiv.

Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral architectural nta
Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral architectural nta

Cov frescoes uas nws tau pleev xim rau thaum lub xyoo ntawm nws tsim yog feem ntau ploj, thiab tsuas yogib tug me me ntawm lawv tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib cais. Ntawm lawv, ib qho tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem hais txog cov duab ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg, muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hnub poob, Peb Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg nyob rau sab qab teb phab ntsa, nrog rau zaj dab neeg ntawm Txoj Haujlwm Kev Txom Nyem rau ntawm lub plab, hauv nruab nrab apse.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1994 txog 1999, thaum perestroika qhib lub sijhawm tshiab rau kev khaws cia cov kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los, lub tsev teev ntuj tau rov qab kho dua. Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tsim los ntawm ib pab pawg ntawm Novgorod architects nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm G. M. Shtender, thiab lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb tsis yog tsoomfwv "Hanseatic League of Modern Times" tau txais kev pab nyiaj.

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