Toledo Cathedral hauv Spain: keeb kwm, architecture, cov ntaub ntawv ncig tebchaws

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Toledo Cathedral hauv Spain: keeb kwm, architecture, cov ntaub ntawv ncig tebchaws
Toledo Cathedral hauv Spain: keeb kwm, architecture, cov ntaub ntawv ncig tebchaws

Video: Toledo Cathedral hauv Spain: keeb kwm, architecture, cov ntaub ntawv ncig tebchaws

Video: Toledo Cathedral hauv Spain: keeb kwm, architecture, cov ntaub ntawv ncig tebchaws
Video: Xav Hloov Pauv Lub Neej Kom Zoo Tshaj Qub 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Lub Cathedral ntawm Toledo hauv Spain muaj ntau cov txuj ci zoo nkauj tshaj li qee lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob sab Europe. Nws kuj muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los nthuav ntau pua xyoo thiab complex architecture. Vim li no, kev ncig xyuas lub tuam tsev yuav siv sij hawm tsawg kawg yog peb teev.

Toledo Cathedral ntawm Toledo
Toledo Cathedral ntawm Toledo

qub peev

Thawj qhov hais txog Toledo tuaj yeem pom hauv Loos cov ntaub ntawv sau hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 2 BC. Tom qab 700 xyoo, lub nroog raug ntes thiab ua nws lub peev los ntawm Germanic pab pawg neeg ntawm Visigoths. Thaum lawv kav 200 xyoo, lub Diocese ntawm Toledo tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 8, zoo li ntau lwm lub nroog Spanish, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm Caliphate ntawm Cordoba. Nyob rau hauv Moors, Toledo tau mus txog nws lub ncov, thiab lub koob meej ntawm nws cov kws tua phom tau nthuav dav dhau ntawm Pyrenees.

Toledo Cathedral thiab filioque
Toledo Cathedral thiab filioque

Thaum tsov rog ntawm kev ywj pheej (reconquista), lub nroog tau dim hauv 1085 los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Castilian huab tais Alfonso VI. Rau 500 xyoo tom ntej no, Toledo tseem yog lub peev mus txog rau Philip IItsis tau txiav txim siab tsiv mus rau Madrid. Txawm li cas los xij, lub nroog tseem tsis tau poob qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntseeg hauv Spain rau hnub no.

Primate's Chair

Nws ntseeg hais tias twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua IV nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tam sim no Toledo Cathedral ntawm St. Mary, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm thawj tus npis sov ntawm lub nroog, ib lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim. Cov ntaub ntawv txhim khu kev qha ntau ntxiv txog nws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 6, thaum Vajntxwv Visigoth Reccared hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm Arianism mus rau Nicene Christianity, raws li kev ntseeg Catholic tau tsim tom qab.

Toledo Cathedral Spain
Toledo Cathedral Spain

Thaum Arab txoj cai, Toledo Cathedral tau hloov mus ua lub mosque loj. Tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog, Vaj Ntxwv Alfonso tau cog lus tias yuav khaws lub tuam tsev rau cov Muslims. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1087, tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tsis muaj huab tais thiab tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm poj huab tais ntawm Constanza, Archbishop ntawm Toledo, Bernard de Cedirac, txeeb lub mosque los ntawm kev quab yuam, tsa lub thaj ib ntus thiab dai lub tswb.

Thaum Alfonso VI paub txog qhov no, nws tau ya mus rau hauv npau taws heev, npaj txiav txim siab tawm tsam cov neeg ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws lij choj Arab Abu Walid tau thov kom cawm lawv txoj sia, lees paub qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, lub zos archbishop them tribute rau Walid los ntawm erecting ib tug pej thuam ntawm nws. Yog li, lub tsev teev ntuj tau hloov pauv yuav luag tsis hloov mus rau hauv Cathedral ntawm St. Mary, dhau los ua lub rooj zaum ntawm cov thawj coj - Archbishop of Toledo, uas muaj lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm sab ntsuj plig hauv lub tebchaws.

Architectural ensemble

Kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yog thawj zaug xav txog thaum xyoo pua 13th. Alfonso VIII thiab nws tus kws pab tswv yim Archbishop Ximénez de Rada txiav txim siab los tsim lub xaibntawm lub tuam tsev uas twb muaj lawm yog tshiab, zoo ib yam li cov twb tau ua nyob rau hauv Burgos thiab León. Tab sis kev tuag ntawm huab tais muab cov phiaj xwm no tseg rau qee lub sijhawm. Lub rooj sib txoos ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1226. Kev tsim kho tau qeeb qeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, lub naves, lub ntsiab façade, lub hauv paus ntawm tus pej thuam thiab lub tsev nyob ib sab tau tsim. Tab sis nws tsis yog txog 1493, nrog rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm sab hauv kawg, Toledo Cathedral tau ua tiav.

Saint Mary's Cathedral hauv Toledo
Saint Mary's Cathedral hauv Toledo

lub tsev Gothic dais lub cim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Arabic architecture, yam ntxwv ntawm medieval Spain. Qhov loj me me ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj impress txawm hnub no:

  • length - 120 m;
  • siab - 44 m;
  • dav - 60 m.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub ru tsev ntawm Toledo Cathedral, tsim los ntawm 72 vaults, yog txhawb los ntawm 88 txhua. Tsis zoo li lwm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Toledo Cathedral tsuas muaj ib tus pej thuam, ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm 14th thiab 15th centuries, qhov twg lub tswb nrov uas hnyav 17 tons raug teeb tsa. Tsis yog ib tug pej thuam symmetrical, tau tsim lub tsev teev ntuj, lub dome uas tau pleev xim los ntawm Jorge Manuel, tus tub ntawm El Greco.

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Ntawm ntau lub tsev teev ntuj uas tsim cov vaj tsev ua ke ntawm Toledo Cathedral (Toledo), nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg:

  • Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm San Ildefonso, qhov chaw qhov ntxa ntawm Cardinal Carrillo de Albornoz thiab qee cov tswv cuab ntawm nws tsev neeg nyob.
  • Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Santiago, ua rau xyoo 1435 nyob rau hauv lub lig Gothic style los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus constable Don Alvaro de Luna ua tsev neeg pantheon.
  • Chapel ntawm Vajntxwv Tshiab, tsa thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th rau kev faus ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Trastámara dynasty.

Masterpieces ntawm painting

Nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm yav dhau los sacristy ntawm Toledo Cathedral, qhov twg cov khoom siv hauv tsev teev ntuj thiab liturgical vestments ntawm cov pov thawj tau khaws cia yav dhau los, tam sim no ib chav kos duab tau npaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, tus neeg pleev kob Italian Luca Giordano pleev xim rau lub plafond ntawm lub sacristy nrog ib tug fresco, uas tau zoo khaws cia rau hnub no. Tab sis lub hauv paus ua hauj lwm ntawm exhibition yog, tsis muaj ib tug tsis ntseeg, painting "Expolio" los ntawm El Greco.

Toledo Cathedral qhib sijhawm
Toledo Cathedral qhib sijhawm

Dhau li ntawm nws, yav dhau los sacristy exhibits ua hauj lwm los ntawm xws masters ntawm painting li:

  • Titian;
  • Van Dijk;
  • Luis Morales;
  • Goya;
  • Velasquez;
  • Caravaggio.

Toledo Cathedral thiab filioque

Qhov no, peb tsis yog hais txog lub tuam tsev, tab sis hais txog lub rooj sib tham ntawm pawg ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, tuav hauv Toledo xyoo 589. Nws tau tham txog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hais txog qhov sib ntxiv rau Creed tau txais los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Nicaea nyob rau xyoo pua 4th. Lo lus Latin filioque, uas txhais tau tias "thiab los ntawm tus tub", tau ntxiv rau lub cim hais los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm feem ntau ntawm pawg ntseeg hierarchs hauv Toledo. Cov lus no txhais tau hais tias Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv tuaj yeem ua los ntawm Leej Txiv thiab Leej Tub. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Koom Txoos Greek-Byzantine categorically tsis pom zoo rau qhov no, uas tom qab ntawd tau ua ib qho laj thawj rau kev faib cov ntseeg Vajtswv rau hauv Catholicism thiab Orthodoxy.

Toledo Cathedral qhib sijhawm

Lub tuam tsev tseem niaj hnub siv rauteem caij. Nws tuav kev pe hawm txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhib rau cov neeg tuaj ncig txhua hnub:

  • Monday txog Saturday (10:00 - 18:00);
  • Sunday (14:00 - 18:00).
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Txawm li cas los xij, rau tag nrho 15 hnub hauv ib xyoos, kev mus ncig tsuas yog ua tau raws li lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Peb tab tom tham txog Catholic hnub so, ib daim ntawv teev npe uas tuaj yeem pom ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tus nqi ntawm kev ncig xyuas tag nrho yog 12.5 € (914 rubles), tsuas yog mus xyuas tsev cia puav pheej yog 10 € (730 rubles).

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