Ecumenical Patriarch ntawm Constantinople: keeb kwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb

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Ecumenical Patriarch ntawm Constantinople: keeb kwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb
Ecumenical Patriarch ntawm Constantinople: keeb kwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Video: Ecumenical Patriarch ntawm Constantinople: keeb kwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Video: Ecumenical Patriarch ntawm Constantinople: keeb kwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb
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Txoj Kevcai Dawb Huv qhia hais tias tus Thwj Tim Dawb Huv Andrew uas yog Thawj Tus Hu rau xyoo 38 tau tsa nws cov thwjtim hu ua Stachius ua ib tug npis sov ntawm lub nroog Byzantion, ntawm qhov chaw uas Constantinople tau tsim peb centuries tom qab. Los ntawm cov sij hawm no, lub tsev teev ntuj originated, uas tau ntau pua xyoo yog coj los ntawm yawg suab uas ris lub npe ntawm Ecumenical.

Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

Txoj cai ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug

Ntawm cov primates ntawm kaum tsib tam sim no autocephalous uas twb muaj lawm, uas yog, ywj siab, lub zos Orthodox pawg ntseeg, Patriarch ntawm Constantinople yog suav tias yog "preeminent ntawm sib npaug". Qhov no yog nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm. Lub npe tag nrho ntawm tus neeg tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb no yog Divine All Holiness Archbishop of Constantinople - New Rome thiab Ecumenical Patriarch.

Thawj zaug, lub npe ntawm Ecumenical tau muab tsub rau thawj Patriarch ntawm Constantinople Akakiy. Lub hauv paus kev cai lij choj rau qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Plaub (Chalcedon) Ecumenical Council, nyob rau hauv 451 thiab kev ruaj ntseg cov txheej xwm ntawm cov npis sov ntawm New Rome rau lub taub hau ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople - qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tom qab. Primates ntawm lub Koom Txoos Roman.

Yog tias thaum xub thawj qhov kev lag luam no tau ntsib nrog kev tawm tsam loj heev hauv qee qhov kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ntseeg, ces thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo tom ntej no txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus yawg suab tau ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub luag haujlwm tiag tiag hauv kev daws teeb meem hauv xeev thiab pawg ntseeg. tseem ceeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws lub npe zoo kawg nkaus thiab verbose thaum kawg tau tsim.

Patriarch raug tsim txom ntawm iconoclasts

Keeb kwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Byzantine paub ntau lub npe ntawm cov yawg koob, nyob mus ib txhis nrog rau nws, thiab tau ua neeg dawb huv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog St. Nicephorus, Patriarch ntawm Constantinople, uas nyob rau yawg yawg saib ntawm 806 mus rau 815.

Lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev kav tau raug cim los ntawm kev tawm tsam hnyav tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm iconoclasm, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg uas tsis lees paub qhov kev hwm ntawm cov cim thiab lwm yam duab dawb ceev. Qhov xwm txheej no hnyav zuj zus los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ntawm cov neeg ua raws li cov qauv no muaj ntau tus neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab txawm tias ntau tus huab tais.

Bartholomew Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Bartholomew Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

Leej txiv ntawm Patriarch Nicephorus, uas yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm Emperor Constantine V, poob nws txoj haujlwm rau kev txhawb nqa lub cim veneration thiab raug ntiab tawm mus rau Asia Minor, qhov chaw nws tuag nyob rau hauv exile. Nicephorus nws tus kheej, tom qab lub iconoclast huab tais Leo lub Armenian tau enthroned nyob rau hauv 813, los ua ib tug neeg raug tsim txom ntawm nws ntxub cov dawb huv dluab thiab tas nws hnub nyob rau hauv 828 raws li ib tug neeg raug txim ntawm ib tug tej thaj chaw deb monasteries. Rau kev pabcuam zoo rau lub tsev teev ntuj, nws tau tom qab canonized. Niaj hnub no, tus dawb huv hierarch Patriarch ntawm ConstantinopleNicephorus yog revered tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws, tab sis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no Orthodox.

Patriarch Photius yog leej txiv lees paub ntawm pawg ntseeg

Txuas ntxiv zaj dab neeg txog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Patriarchate of Constantinople, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tab sis nco qab txog Byzantine theologian Patriarch Photius, uas tau coj nws pab yaj los ntawm 857 txog 867. Tom qab John Chrysostom thiab Gregory theologian, nws yog tus thib peb feem ntau lees paub leej txiv ntawm pawg ntseeg, uas ib zaug tau tuav lub Pom ntawm Constantinople.

hnub nws yug yog tsis paub. Nws yog feem ntau lees paub tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th. Nws niam nws txiv yog cov neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj ntau yam kev kawm txuj ci, tab sis nyob rau hauv huab tais Theophilus, ib tug npau taws iconoclast, lawv raug kev tsim txom thiab xaus nyob rau hauv exile. Lawv tuag nyob ntawd.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm Patriarch Photius thiab Pope

Tom qab kev nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm tus huab tais tom ntej, tus me nyuam mos Michael III, Photius pib nws txoj haujlwm ci ntsa iab - thawj zaug ua tus kws qhia ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv 858, nws tuav lub siab tshaj plaws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hierarchy. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau coj nws txoj sia nyob kaj siab lug. Los ntawm thawj hnub, Patriarch Photius ntawm Constantinople pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tuab ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau pawg nom tswv thiab kev ntseeg.

Rau qhov loj, qhov xwm txheej tau ua rau muaj kev sib cav nrog Western Lub Koom Txoos, tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev txiav txim siab rau yav qab teb Ltalis thiab Bulgaria. Tus pib ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog Pope. Patriarch Photius ntawm Constantinople sharply thuam nws, rau qhov uas nws tau excommunicated los ntawm lub pontiff los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. tsis xav nyobnyob rau hauv nuj nqis, Patriarch Photius kuj anathematized nws tus nrog sib ntaus.

Thawj Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Thawj Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

From anathema rau canonization

Tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau lub sijhawm kav tus huab tais tom ntej, Basil I, Photius tau los ua tus neeg raug tsim txom ntawm tsev hais plaub intrigues. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm cov nom tswv uas tawm tsam nws, nrog rau yav dhau los tus yawg Patriarch Ignatius I, tau txais kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. Yog li ntawd, Photius, uas tau mob siab rau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus nrog Pope, raug tshem tawm ntawm lub zwm txwv, excommunicated. thiab tuag hauv exile.

Tom qab yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo, xyoo 1847, thaum Patriarch Anfim VI yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople, lub cev nqaij daim tawv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm tus yawg suab uas ntxeev siab, thiab, vim tias muaj ntau yam txuj ci tseem ceeb ua rau nws lub ntxa, nws nws tus kheej tau canonized. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Russia, rau ntau qhov laj thawj, qhov kev coj ua no tsis raug lees paub, uas ua rau muaj kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm feem ntau ntawm pawg ntseeg hauv ntiaj teb Orthodox.

Kev cai lij choj tsis lees txais rau Russia

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub Koom Txoos Roman tau ntau pua xyoo tsis kam lees paub qhov chaw thib peb rau lub Koom Txoos Constantinople. Pope hloov nws qhov kev txiav txim siab tsuas yog tom qab lub npe hu ua union, kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pawg ntseeg Catholic thiab Orthodox, tau kos npe ntawm Florence Cathedral hauv 1439.

Txoj cai no tau muab rau lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm Pope, thiab, thaum tswj hwm lub Koom Txoos Eastern ntawm nws tus kheej txoj kev cai, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Catholic dogma. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas qhov kev pom zoo, uas khiav tawm tsam cov cai ntawm Charter ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj,tau raug tsis lees paub los ntawm Moscow, thiab Metropolitan Isidor, uas muab nws lub npe kos npe rau hauv nws, raug defrocked.

Christian Patriarchs in the Islamic State

Nws tau tsawg dua kaum xyoo thiab ib nrab. Nyob rau hauv 1453, lub Byzantine Empire poob nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm cov tub rog Turkish. Qhov thib ob Rome poob, muab txoj kev mus rau Moscow. Txawm li cas los xij, cov Turks nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau pom kev zam txim rau kev ntseeg, xav tsis thoob rau cov neeg ntseeg kev ntseeg.Tau tsim txhua lub koom haum ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Islam, txawm li ntawd los lawv tau tso cai rau cov ntseeg loj heev nyob. hauv teb chaws.

Pope ntawm Rome Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Pope ntawm Rome Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

Txij thaum ntawd los, Patriarchs ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople, tau poob lawv txoj kev nom kev tswv kiag li, txawm li cas los xij tseem yog cov thawj coj ntseeg ntawm lawv cov zej zog. Tom qab tuav ib qho chaw thib ob, lawv, raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus thiab xyaum tsis muaj kev noj qab haus huv, raug yuam kom tawm tsam nrog kev txom nyem heev. Txog thaum tsim tsa yawg suab hauv tebchaws Russia xyoo 1589, Patriarch ntawm Constantinople yog lub taub hau ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab tsuas yog pub dawb pub dawb los ntawm Moscow princes tso cai rau nws los ua kom tiav.

Thiab, Patriarchs ntawm Constantinople tsis nyob hauv nuj nqis. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub Bosphorus uas lub title ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab Tsar Ivan IV lub txaus ntshai tau fij tseg, thiab yawg koob Yelemis II foom koob hmoov rau thawj Moscow Patriarch Job thaum nws nce lub rooj zaum. Qhov no yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws, muab Russia nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog rau lwm lub Orthodox lub xeev.

Kev xav tsis thoob

Rau ntau tshaj peb centuries, cov yawg koob ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople tsuas yog lub luag hauj lwm me me raws li cov thawj coj ntawm cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim Ottoman Empire, mus txog rau thaum nws poob los ntawm thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog. Ntau yam tau hloov pauv hauv lub neej ntawm lub xeev, thiab txawm tias nws lub nroog qub, Constantinople, tau hloov npe hu ua Istanbul xyoo 1930.

Nyob rau qhov puas tsuaj ntawm lub hwj chim ib zaug, Patriarchate ntawm Constantinople tam sim ntawd tau muaj zog dua. Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua nees nkaum ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws cov thawj coj tau nquag siv lub tswv yim raws li Patriarch of Constantinople yuav tsum tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub hwj chim tiag tiag thiab muaj txoj cai tsis yog los coj kev ntseeg lub neej ntawm tag nrho Orthodox diaspora, tab sis kuj. los koom nrog kev daws teeb meem sab hauv ntawm lwm lub tsev teev ntuj autocephalous. Txoj hauj lwm no ua rau muaj kev thuam hnyav hauv ntiaj teb Orthodox thiab hu ua "Eastern papism."

Nicephorus Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Nicephorus Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

Patriarch's judicial appeals

Lub Treaty of Lausanne, kos npe rau xyoo 1923, raug cai raug kev tsim txom ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman thiab tsim txoj kab ciam teb ntawm lub xeev tshiab tsim. Nws kuj tau kho lub npe ntawm Patriarch ntawm Constantinople raws li Ecumenical, tab sis tsoom fwv ntawm niaj hnub Turkish koom pheej tsis kam lees paub nws. Nws tsuas yog pom zoo rau kev lees paub ntawm yawg suab ua lub taub hau ntawm Orthodox zej zog hauv Turkey.

Nyob rau xyoo 2008, yawg koob ntawm Constantinople raug yuam kom foob rau European Lub Tsev Hais Plaub ntawm Tib Neeg Txoj Cai tawm tsam tsoomfwv Turkish, uas tau ua txhaum cai rau ib qho ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv Orthodox ntawm cov kob. Buyukada hauv hiav txwv Marmara. Thaum Lub Xya Hli ntawm tib lub xyoo, tom qab txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem no, lub tsev hais plaub tau txaus siab rau nws qhov kev thov rov hais dua, thiab, ntxiv rau, tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv lees paub nws txoj cai lij choj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no yog thawj zaug uas cov thawj coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople tau thov mus rau European cov neeg txiav txim plaub ntug.

2010 Cov ntaub ntawv raug cai

Lwm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai lij choj uas tau txiav txim siab tam sim no ntawm Patriarch of Constantinople yog qhov kev daws teeb meem uas tau pom zoo los ntawm Parliamentary Assembly ntawm Council of Europe thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2010. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau hais txog kev tsim kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ntseeg rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua tus neeg tsis yog Muslim haiv neeg tsawg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Turkey thiab Eastern Greece.

Tib qhov kev daws teeb meem tau hu rau tsoomfwv Turkish kom hwm lub npe "Ecumenical", txij li Patriarchs ntawm Constantinople, uas nws cov npe twb suav nrog ntau pua tus neeg, ris nws raws li cov qauv kev cai lij choj.

Patriarch Photius ntawm Constantinople
Patriarch Photius ntawm Constantinople

Tam sim no Primate of the Church of Constantinople

Patriarch Bartholomew ntawm Constantinople, uas nws txoj kev tswj hwm tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1991, yog tus cwj pwm zoo thiab qub. Nws lub npe hu ua Dimitrios Archondonis. Ib tug Greek los ntawm haiv neeg, nws tau yug los hauv 1940 ntawm lub koog pov txwv Turkish ntawm Gokceada. Tom qab tau txais kev kawm theem nrab thiab kawm tiav los ntawm Halki theological tsev kawm ntawv, Dimitrios, twb nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm deacon, ua ib tug tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub Turkish tub rog.

Tom qab demobilization, nws nce musqhov siab ntawm kev paub theological. Tau tsib xyoos, Archondonis tau kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tebchaws Ltalis, Switzerland thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, vim nws tau dhau los ua tus kws kho mob ntawm kev ntseeg thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Pontifical Gregorian University.

Polyglot ntawm lub patriarchal cathedra

Tus txiv neej no lub peev xwm kawm tau zoo heev. Rau tsib xyoos ntawm kev kawm, nws tau kawm tiav German, Fabkis, Askiv thiab Italian. Ntawm no peb yuav tsum ntxiv nws haiv neeg Turkish thiab cov lus ntawm kev ntseeg - Latin. Rov qab mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv, Dimitrios tau mus dhau tag nrho cov kauj ruam ntawm kev cai dab qhuas hierarchical ntaiv kom txog rau thaum nws tau raug xaiv tsa thawj coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Constantinople xyoo 1991.

Ntsuab Patriarch

Nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb, Nws tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Patriarch Bartholomew ntawm Constantinople tau dhau los ua lub npe hu ua tus neeg tua rog rau kev khaws cia ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, nws tau los ua tus organizer ntawm ntau lub rooj sab laj thoob ntiaj teb. Nws kuj tseem paub tias yawg suab tau koom tes nrog ntau lub koom haum pej xeem ib puag ncig. Rau qhov kev ua no, Nws tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Bartholomew tau txais lub npe tsis raug cai - "Green Patriarch".

Patriarch Bartholomew muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, uas nws tau mus ntsib tam sim tom qab nws tau txais kev cawmdim hauv 1991. Thaum lub sij hawm kev sib tham uas tau tshwm sim, Primate ntawm Constantinople tau hais tawm nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Moscow Patriarchate nyob rau hauv nws cov teeb meem nrog tus kheej-proclaimed thiab, los ntawm ib tug canonical point ntawm view, txhaum cai Patriarch ntawm Kyiv. Cov kev sib cuag no txuas ntxiv musxyoo tom ntej.

Saint Patriarch ntawm Constantinople
Saint Patriarch ntawm Constantinople

Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Archbishop ntawm Constantinople yeej ib txwm paub nws tus kheej los ntawm nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv kev daws txhua yam teeb meem tseem ceeb. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog nws cov lus hais thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tham uas nthuav tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Lavxias hauv 2004 txog kev lees paub Moscow raws li Lub Peb Hlis Rome, hais txog nws qhov tshwj xeeb kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus, tus yawg suab rau txim rau lub tswv yim no raws li theologically untenable thiab nom tswv txaus ntshai.

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