Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) lossis autism yog hais txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlab ntsha hauv nruab nrab. ASD tuaj yeem pom thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov vim tias nws cov tsos mob tshwj xeeb heev.
Autism etiology
Txog tam sim no, qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm ASD tseem tsis tau qhia meej meej. Qee cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg hais tias caj ces predisposition plays lub luag haujlwm loj hauv qhov tshwm sim. Nws tau raug pov thawj tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm autistics tshwm sim me ntsis txawv dua li lwm tus. Ntau yam teebmeem tsis zoo hauv lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm ASD, tab sis qhov no tsis tau muaj pov thawj scientific.
Symptoms of ASD
Qee tus kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias thawj cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas hlwb tuaj yeem pom hauv tus menyuam hnub nyoog qis dua ib xyoos, tab sis tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog seb cov no puas tuaj yeem suav tias yog cov tsos mob ntawm tus mob autistic. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD ua tom qab ib xyoos. Cov hauv qab no yog cov cim qhia tias koj tuaj yeem pom hauv koj tus menyuam kom cov niam txiv tuaj yeem tiv tauj tus kws tshaj lij hauv lub sijhawm:
- tus me nyuam tsis hnov tsw ntawm nws niam, tsis paub cov neeg nws paub, tsis luag;
- kev pub niam mis nyuaj;
- nws nyuaj heev rau kev sib cuag nrog tus menyuam: nws zoo li yog "los ntawm" tib neeg;
- Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD ntshai ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nrov, xws li lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum;
- menyuam mos feem ntau muaj teeb meem pw tsaug zog: lawv tsaug zog, lawv qhov muag qhib, tab sis lawv tsis tsaug zog thiab tsis ua;
- thaum sim khaws cov me nyuam no, cov me nyuam pib nkig lawv nraub qaum kom nws nyuaj rau nias rau hauv siab.
Tag nrho cov cim no tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv tus menyuam thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3 lub hlis, tab sis tsis muaj kws kho mob yuav kuaj xyuas "autism" rau lub hnub nyoog no, vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem niaj hnub, kev paub txog kev paub, tseem tab tom mus. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus dua, tus me nyuam pom ntau tus yam ntxwv thiab pom tseeb ntawm ASD:
- monotonous txav;
- tsis txaus siab rau lwm tus, tsis kam tiv tauj lwm tus;
- yog tias muaj qhov hloov pauv, tus menyuam ntshai thiab ntshai heev;
- cov menyuam yaus tawm tsam nrog kev saib xyuas tus kheej;
- menyuam yaus tsis ua si ua si;
- ntev ntev ntawm kev ntsiag to yog hloov los ntawm kev rov ua dua ntawm ib lub suab lossis lo lus.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rau cov me nyuam autistic no tus cwj pwm yog kiag li ib txwm, lawv tsis muaj kev tsis xis nyob. Cov niam txiv feem ntau yuam kev autism rau teeb meem hnov lus vimyog vim li cas thiaj mus ntsib tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm qhov txo qhov hnov lus lossis xav tias lag ntseg. Dab tsi yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nkag siab zoo thiab kev puas hlwb?
Cov niam txiv xav tias tsis hnov lus vim tus me nyuam tsis teb thaum hu, tsis hnov suab nrov. Qhov tseeb tiag, cov menyuam yaus tsis muaj teeb meem tsis hnov lus, lawv tsuas yog nyob hauv lawv lub ntiaj teb thiab tsis xav txog qhov tsim nyog los teb cov kev xav sab nraud kom txog thaum lawv pib ua rau tus menyuam tsis xis nyob.
Preschool manifestations of ASD
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam uas muaj ASD txawv ntawm lwm cov menyuam yaus. Lawv muaj kev ua txhaum cai hauv thaj chaw hauv qab no:
- Kev sib txuas lus. Cov menyuam yaus tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov txheeb ze thiab phooj ywg. Tsis ua si nrog lwm tus menyuam yaus, tsis nyiam nws thaum lwm tus xav koom nrog nws qhov kev ua si. Lawv tsis hnov qab txhua txoj hauv kev thaum lawv mus cuag nrog kev thov lossis hu ua yooj yim. Kev ua si yog cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, uas qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, nyiam yog muab rau cov khoom tsis yog kev ua si (pob zeb, sticks, nyees khawm), thiab lawv nyiam ua hauv qhov kev ua si yuav yog cov xuab zeb, nchuav dej. Yog lawm, lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev ua si nrog menyuam yaus, tab sis lawv tsis nkag siab txog cov cai, tsis hnov mob thiab tsis nkag siab txog kev xav ntawm lwm tus menyuam yaus. Tau kawg, lwm tus tsis nyiam qhov kev coj cwj pwm no, vim tias qhov kev tsis ntseeg tus kheej tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam no nyiam nyob ib leeg.
- Speech sphere. Kev cuam tshuam nrog zej zog tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuamme nyuam txoj kev hais lus. Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg autistic me me tsis mloog cov lus ntawm cov neeg laus, lawv tsim phrasal hais lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1 mus rau 3 xyoos, tab sis nws zoo li hais lus. Lub xub ntiag ntawm echolalia (tsis yeem rov ua dua tom qab tib neeg) yog yam ntxwv. Feem ntau yog vim li cas rau kev sab laj tus kws kho mob hais lus yog mutism hauv tus menyuam - tsis kam sib txuas lus. Ib tug yam ntxwv hais lus feature yog hais tias cov me nyuam mos tsis siv lub pronoun "Kuv": lawv tham txog lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv tus thib ob thiab peb.
- kev txawj tsav lub cev - kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txav tsis yog qhov qhia txog ASD, vim tias qee qhov kev txav tuaj yeem tsim tau zoo, thaum lwm tus yuav pom tau tias poob qab cov qauv. Cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov khoom, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog. Lawv tuaj yeem taug kev ntawm tiptoe, vim muaj teeb meem nrog kev sib koom tes, cov txiv neej muaj teeb meem kawm taug kev nce ntaiv. Muaj teeb meem hauv kev tswj cov khoom me me, tsis muaj peev xwm caij tsheb kauj vab. Tab sis xws li lub cev muaj zog clumsiness thiab tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke tuaj yeem ua ke nrog kev sib npaug zoo. Vim muaj teeb meem ntawm cov leeg nqaij ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab lub puab tsaig, salivation (nce thiab tswj tsis tau salivation) tshwm.
- Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb ib txwm saib xyuas txhawm rau txhawm rau kuaj mob, cov no yog kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo. Cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem saib ntawm ib lub sijhawm ntev lossis saib ib yam khoom, qhuas cov khoom zoo tib yam thiab tsis nyiam cov khoom ua si. Lawv nyiam nws thaum txhua yam nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw ib txwm muaj, lawv chim siab heev thaum muaj qee yamNws tsis mus raws li lawv tau siv. Tej zaum yuav muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua phem yog tias muaj qee yam tsis ua haujlwm rau tus menyuam lossis nws tsis xis nyob vim nws tsis tuaj yeem qhia nws txoj kev xav hauv lwm txoj kev.
- Muaj kev txhim kho zoo ntawm cov tshuab nco, tab sis kev nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm fairy tales, paj huam. Hais txog kev txawj ntse, qee cov me nyuam autistic tej zaum yuav muaj kev txawj ntse heev rau lawv lub hnub nyoog, txawm tias muaj khoom plig hauv qee qhov chaw. Feem ntau lawv hais txog cov menyuam yaus uas lawv yog "indigo". Thiab qee qhov tej zaum yuav txo qis kev txawj ntse. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txoj kev kawm tsis yog lub hom phiaj, nws raug cim los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm kev xav.
Nrog menyuam yaus nrog ASD
Yog tias, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem, tus menyuam tau kuaj pom tias muaj autism, ces nws muaj sijhawm mus koom lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool ntawm hom nyiaj them los yog ib pab pawg suav nrog hauv kindergarten lossis ib pab pawg nyob ntawm lub hlwb. thiab pedagogical kho mob thiab social center los yog nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg luv luv. Vim tias nws nyuaj rau tus menyuam uas muaj ASD los tsim kev sib cuag nrog lwm tus, nws poob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis paub, nws yog qhov tsim nyog uas nws muaj tus kws qhia ntawv nrog nws los pab nws sib raug zoo.
Nyob ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD hauv kindergarten
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov kev pab cuam rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool yog lawv kev koom ua ke rau hauv zej zog kom lawv muaj cai sib npaug nrog lwm tus menyuam. Cov menyuam yaus uas tau mus kawm rau lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool ces yoog tau yooj yim duacov xwm txheej tshiab thiab nrhiav kev sib cuag nrog lwm tus.
Thaum txhim kho kev ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam yaus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv txoj hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke - qhov no yog kev qhia, kev xav thiab kev kho mob rau me ntsis "autyats". Rau kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev pab cuam, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj kev xav nrog tus menyuam. Ib puag ncig zoo yog tsim rau tus menyuam, tsis suav nrog txoj hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb uas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau nws.
Tsis tas li, cov neeg ua haujlwm preschool npaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog menyuam yaus. Cov kev kawm-tsim ib puag ncig ntawm kindergarten yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam autistic me nyuam yaus, nws nyiam thiab them nyiaj rau nws qhov kev ua txhaum cai. Nws yog qhov xav tau tias lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj chav hnov qab, vim tias nws tso cai rau koj los so ntawm lub paj hlwb, cuam tshuam rau lub cev tsis hnov tsw, tus menyuam muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab kev thaj yeeb.
Cov me nyuam nrog ASD hauv tsev kawm ntawv
Tej zaum yog ib qho ntawm cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj uas cov niam txiv ntawm tus me nyuam tshwj xeeb ntsej muag yog lawv txoj kev kawm ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas hlwb, txhua yam yuav nyob ntawm qhov PMPK txiav txim siab: yog tias tus menyuam muaj kev tsis taus kev txawj ntse, lawv yuav pom zoo kom kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib 8. Yog hais tias muaj teeb meem hais lus hnyav, ces tsev kawm hais lus. Tab sis feem ntau cov menyuam no raug tso cai kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem.
Ntau tus niam txiv xav kom lawv tus menyuam kawm hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv loj kom muaj kev sib raug zoo yav tom ntej. Tam sim no tias tag nrho lub zej zog simtxhawm rau koom ua ke cov menyuam tshwj xeeb rau hauv zej zog, cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb tau tsim hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo tib yam, tab sis tseem tsis yog tag nrho. Vim li cas nws nyuaj rau tus menyuam hloov mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv?
- Tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv. Feem ntau cov kws qhia ntawv tsuas tsis paub yuav ua li cas nrog cov menyuam no vim lawv tsis paub txhua yam tshwj xeeb ntawm ASD. Qhov teeb meem no daws tau los ntawm kev txhim kho cov kev txawj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
- chav kawm loj. Nws nyuaj heev rau tus menyuam autistic uas zam kev sib txuas lus hauv txhua txoj hauv kev los kawm hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no.
- Txoj kev niaj hnub thiab kev cai hauv tsev kawm - cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum tau siv rau cov xwm txheej tshiab, uas tsis yooj yim rau cov txiv neej ua.
Raws li hauv kindergarten, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam yaus nrog ASD yog kev koom ua ke rau hauv zej zog kom ntau li ntau tau thiab txhim kho tus cwj pwm txaus rau lawv los ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau paub tus menyuam tshwj xeeb thiab lawv tsev neeg ua ntej pib xyoo kawm ntawv kom paub txog lawv tus yam ntxwv thiab tsim kev sib raug zoo.
Nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws yuav tsim nyog tsis yog siv cov ntaub ntawv kawm nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yuav tsum qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv nrog ASD: hauv chav kawm, nws yuav tsum muaj qhov chaw ruaj khov thiab qhov chaw uas nws tuaj yeem so. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tsim nyob rau hauv pab pawg me nyuam kom muaj kev nkag siab txaus ntawm cov phooj ywg uas xav tau kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb los ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tham uas lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej yuav raug nthuav tawm.
AOP rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD
Tau kawg, qhov kev pom zoo kom mus kawm qib kindergartens thiab tsev kawm ntawv tsis txhais hais tias tsis muajcov yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus no yuav raug suav nrog. Rau lawv, ib txoj kev kawm ib tus neeg tau muab sau ua ke, ib qho kev kawm hloov kho (AEP) yog sau, uas qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov chav kho mob. Cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia yuav tsum muaj tus kws kho mob hais lus, tus kws kho mob tsis zoo thiab tus kws kho mob hlwb, vim tias txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev kho txoj haujlwm yog qhov nyuaj.
Cov kev pabcuam hloov kho rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD suav nrog:
- maj mam suav nrog cov menyuam hauv txoj kev kawm;
- tsim cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb;
- kev pab cuam ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhuab qhia rau tsev neeg;
- tsim kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua;
- tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb ntawm tus menyuam;
- kom ntseeg tau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev kawm thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov chav kawm;
- Kev koom ua ke siab tshaj ntawm cov tub kawm ntawv nrog ASD rau hauv zej zog.
Txoj kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev pab cuam zoo heev pab txhawb txoj kev qhia tus menyuam uas muaj ASD, vim tias thaum nws raug teeb tsa, kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, thiab tsim ib qho kev cob qhia tus kheej. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom thov tib yam ceev assimilation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm autistic cov tub ntxhais kawm raws li los ntawm lwm tus neeg, qhov teeb meem puas siab puas ntsws plays lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau lawv kom xis nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob tshiab. AOP tso cai rau cov me nyuam autistic kom tau txais kev paub tsim nyog thiab koom ua ke rau hauv zej zog.
Ua haujlwm nrog menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb
Kev kho cov menyuam yaus nrog ASD txhais tau hais tias kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho hais lus, tus kws kho mob, tus kws kho mob hlwb, kws qhia ntawv thiab kws qhia ntawv, nrog rau kev sib tham nrog niam txiv. Tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso cov menyuam yaus no nyob ib leeg hauv qhov chaw tshiab rau ib hnub - koj yuav tsum tau maj mam nce lawv lub sijhawm siv hauv lub tsev haujlwm thiab txo lub sijhawm cov niam txiv tuaj.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, yog tias tus kws qhia ntawv pib zaj lus qhia lossis xaus nrog ib qho kev cai dab qhuas, nws yuav tsum tau tshem tawm txhua yam khoom ci uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus menyuam tsis zoo. Cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tsis suav nrog kev siv tshuaj tsw qab. Tus menyuam yuav tsum muaj qhov chaw ua haujlwm tas mus li, txhua yam yuav tsum nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw. Cov neeg koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm yuav tsum ua raws li ib txwm ua. Kev cuam tshuam me ntsis rau lub sijhawm lossis kev hloov hauv ib puag ncig tuaj yeem ntxhov siab rau cov menyuam yaus autistic.
Tej yam me me no tseem ceeb heev rau kev kho kom zoo ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, yog li ntawd lawv tsim lub siab zoo rau tus menyuam. Hauv chav kawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los tsim kom muaj qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tiav, kev txhawb nqa tas mus li, kev txhawb nqa, vim tias kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev paub los ntawm lawv yog sib cuam tshuam nrog tus kheej nyiam. Tus me nyuam yuav tsum tau txais kev pab thaum muaj teeb meem, thaum cov chav kawm yuav tsum tau siv ntau yam kev pom.
Cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev puas hlwb tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua khub. Qhov no yog ua tsis tau nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev cob qhia, tab sis thaum tus me nyuam twb accustomed mus rau lub tshiab ib puag ncig. Hom haujlwm no tso cai rau koj los qhia tus menyuam hauv zej zog zoo dua. Tus kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws kho tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm tus menyuam, ua haujlwm nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, pab tus menyuam thiab nws niam nws txiv hloov. Tus kws kho hais lusdeals nrog overcoming mutism, logophobia, tsim kev txhawb siab rau kev sib txuas lus thiab kho cov lus tsis xws luag. Tus kws kho mob tsis zoo yog koom nrog kev kho ntawm lub siab-volitional sphere thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua.
Yog tias tus menyuam raug kuaj pom tias muaj autism, qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias nws mus tsis tau rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nrog rau txoj hauv kev zoo, ib qho kev xaiv ib tus zuj zus, tus me nyuam yuav tau txais txhua yam kev paub, zoo li lwm tus menyuam yaus.
Qhia rau cov niam txiv ntawm cov menyuam uas muaj ASD
Cov niam txiv ntawm cov menyuam uas muaj ASD tsis tas yuav paub yuav ua li cas, hu rau leej twg, thiab nws nyuaj rau lawv paub thiab lees paub tias lawv tus menyuam muaj autism. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm tau zoo los kov yeej ASD, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov txheeb ze ntawm tus menyuam ua raws li cov lus pom zoo hauv qab no:
- Ua raws txoj cai ntawm hnub. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog hais tias koj yuav ua dab tsi tam sim no thiab nrog rau txhua qhov kev ua nrog cov duab. Yog li tus me nyuam yuav tau npaj rau kev nqis tes ua.
- Koj yuav tsum sim ntau li ntau tau ua si ua si nrog koj tus menyuam.
- Thaum pib, koj yuav tsum xaiv cov kev ua si thiab kev ua ub no raws li qhov nyiam ntawm tus menyuam, tom qab ntxiv rau lawv nrog cov haujlwm tshiab.
- Kev ua si yuav tsum suav nrog cov neeg los ntawm tus menyuam qhov chaw nyob tam sim ntawd.
- Ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo yuav yog khaws phau ntawv teev npe, uas yuav sau tag nrho cov kev vam meej thiab cov teeb meem uas tus menyuam muaj. Qhov no yog ua kom pom kev pom tus kws tshaj lij txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam.
- Koom nrog cov kws tshaj lij.
- Tus me nyuam yuav tsum txhawb kom muaj kev vam meej.
- Kev xaivcov dej num yog tsim raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm yooj yim mus rau complex.
Kev Pom Zoo rau cov menyuam yaus nrog ASD
Yuav ua li cas ntxiv rau tus menyuam uas muaj autism? Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom kov yeej qhov tsis xws luag no, koj tuaj yeem sim ua kom nws tawm ntau li ntau tau kom nws tsis tshua pom pom ntau li ntau tau. Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem muab qhov kev kwv yees raug. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob autistic thiab nyob ntawm seb qhov kev kho tau pib thaum ntxov.
Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ASD yog qhov tshwj xeeb, thiab txawm tias muaj kev koom ua ke zoo rau hauv zej zog, tus cwj pwm autistic tseem yuav nyob twj ywm, lawv yuav tsis raug hais. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem qhia tus menyuam mus rau hauv zej zog, thiab kev kho yuav ua tau qeeb qeeb. Tsis muaj kev kwv yees tseeb, yog li koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas, vim tias tus menyuam muaj ASD xav tau kev txhawb nqa zoo.
