Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, lub cim rau ib tug neeg Lavxias teb sab yog personification ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Ntau qhov xwm txheej paub tias nws yog lub cim uas tau pab cov neeg Lavxias kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem. Kho los ntawm cov kab mob kho tsis tau, xaus kev ua tsov ua rog, kev cawm seej thaum hluav taws - txhua yam nyob hauv lub hwj chim ntawm txuj ci tseem ceeb icon-paintings.
Raws li koj paub, thawj cov duab ntawm Yexus Khetos lub ntsej muag, Vajtswv Leej Niam thiab cov ntseeg tau tshwm sim ntev dhau los. Ib txhia twb muaj txoj sia nyob mus li lawm.
lub cim nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Russia
Txog hnub no, 30 lub cim qub tau paub. Tag nrho cov no muaj txiaj ntsig tsis yog nyiaj txiag nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog keeb kwm.
Daim npe ntawm cov cim npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia:
- Kazan icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Vladimir icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Trinity.
- Tikhvin Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Smolensk Icon ntawm Blessed Virgin.
- Don Icon ntawm Leej Niam.
- Iberian Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Feodorovskaya Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Lub Cim Ntawm Koob Hmoov.
- Kursk Root Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Saint Nicholas.
- Tenderness.
- Icon ntawm St. Nicholas ntawm Mozhaysky (Nicholas tus Wonderworker).
- Spas Eleazarovsky.
- Nkauj koob tsheej koob tsheej yexus yug.
- Blessed Xenia ntawm Petersburg.
- Icon ntawm Dawb Huv Matrona ntawm Moscow.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus Tswv.
- St. Basil the Blessed.
- St. Spyridon ntawm Trimifuntsky.
- Tus Cawm Seej Tsis Ua Los Ntawm Tes.
- Seraphim of Sarov.
- Tus Cawm Seej muaj zog.
- Hodegetria Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
- Pochaev Niam Vajtswv.
- Lub cim ntawm Peter thiab Paul.
- Icon ntawm Seraphim ntawm Sarov.
- Spas Golden Robe.
- Ustyug Tshaj Tawm.
- Bogolyubskaya Niam ntawm Vajtswv.
Cov cim npe yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau txais kev cawmdim thiab muaj rau saib. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov tsev cia puav pheej thiab cov chav.
Icon ntawm Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Vladimir
Ib tug nto moo tshaj plaws thaum ub icons yog daim duab ntawm Vladimir Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Muaj ib zaj dab neeg uas hais tias cov koom nrog ntawm tus Thwj Tim Povlauj Lukas tau los ua tus sau lub cim. Hnub sau ntawv yog ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua 5. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj pov thawj ncaj qha tias daim duab tau sau los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij txhais tes.
Tsuas yog, lub cim tau coj mus rau Russia xyoo 1131. Nws yog khoom plig rau tus huab tais Lavxias los ntawm Constantinople los ntawm Patriarch Lukas. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Vladimir Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau los ntev heev thiab mus rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws.
Thaum xub thawj nws tau txais lub npe ntawm Vajtswv Leej Niam Vyshgorod. Qhov no yog vim nws qhov chaw qub. Lub cim tau nyob hauv Bogorodnichesky Monastery, uas nyob hauv Vyshgorod ze Kyiv, tau ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1155, tub huabtais Andrei Bogolyubsky pauv lub antique icon rau Vladimir. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, daim duab pib dais lub npe ntawm tus Vladimir Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Ntau yam kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev tsov kev rog tsis tau hla lub cim.
Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Vladimir raug thauj mus rau Moscow hauv 1395. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau thauj ob peb zaug, tab sis thaum kawg, xyoo 1480, nws tau rov qab mus rau Assumption Cathedral hauv Moscow. Nws nyob ntawd mus txog rau xyoo 1918. Tom qab kev kho dua tshiab, lub cim tau nyob rau qee lub sijhawm hauv Xeev Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Keeb Kwm. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery. Niaj hnub no, lub Vladimir Icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nicholas. Lub tuam tsev tsis ua haujlwm rau nws lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog tsev cia puav pheej. Nws nyob ntawm State Tretyakov Gallery.
Niam ntawm Vajtswv ntawm Vladimir yog ib lub cim kim tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia.
Daim ntawv teev cov cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Russia
Ntxiv rau cov cim nto moo uas nyob hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab muaj rau pej xeem saib, muaj lwm cov cim qub. Lawv raug muab tso rau hauv auctions thiab muaj tus nqi ncaj ncees. Txog hnub tim, koj tuaj yeem yuav cov duab icon hauv qab no:
- Icon nrog lub teeb "George Victorious", 8.600.000 rubles.
- Temple icon ntawm St. Nicholas Wonderworker, 8.400.000 rubles.
- Lub cim "Zoo siab rau koj", 8.000.000 rubles.
- Vladimir Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv, 3.200.000 rubles.
- Cov duab kos duab ntawm Dmitry Solunsky, 3.200.000rubles.
- Lub cim ntawm Vladimir nrog lub neej, 3.200.000 rubles.
- Icon ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh, 3.100.000 rubles.
- xya xub icon, 3.100.000 rubles.
- Lub cim nrog lub neej ntawm George lub yeej, 2.900.000 rubles.
- Plaub-thooj icon, 2.250.000 rubles.
- Kazan icon, 2.100.000 rubles, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tseeb, daim ntawv teev npe no loj heev. Tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov cim kim tshaj plaws yog suav tias yog ntawm no. Tag nrho cov yog nyob rau hauv kev muag khoom. Tiag tiag connoisseurs ntawm iconography - sau - tab tom yuav li cov duab.
Nws nyuaj hais tias lub cim twg yog tus nqi kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab nws raug nqi npaum li cas hnub no. Yog li, ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Orthodox icons yog cov duab "St. George nrog lub neej." Nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv Ukrainian National Art Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kyiv. Kwv yees tus nqi ntawm kev kos duab no yog 2 lab daus las. Muaj tseeb tiag "Saint George nrog lub neej" yog ib lub cim kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis tej zaum muaj cov cim tseem ceeb dua.
Kev ntsuas rau kev ntsuas cov duab qub
Antique yog ib yam qub uas muaj nqi lag luam siab. Tag nrho pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj kev paub dhau los hauv daim teb no feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas cov cim qub. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg yog tus tswv ntawm lub qub icon painting, nws tsuas yog xav paub lub lag luam tus nqi ntawm cov khoom no. Txwv tsis pub, thaum muag lub cim, tus tswv yuav tau txais tus nqi qis dua. Yuav ua li cas los txiav txim lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub icon?Cov lus nug no nyiam ntau tus neeg sau. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab txog tus nqi.
Tus nqi lag luam nyob ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb:
- sijhawm sau ntawv, piv txwv li hnub nyoog;
- duab sau;
- muaj lossis tsis muaj nyiaj hli thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis;
- size;
- muaj cov cim nyob tom qab ntawm cov khoom;
- exterior state;
- yog cov khoom raug kho dua.
Nyiaj hli feem ntau tau siv los kho cov cim qub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog cov cim hauv qhov chaw kub. Tsawg zaus koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Icons nyob rau hauv ib tug silver thav duab kuj muaj tus nqi siab heev. Muaj qee lub sij hawm uas cov nyiaj hli muaj nuj nqis kim dua li cov duab cim nws tus kheej.
Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem saum toj no, tus nqi cuam tshuam los ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntawm daim duab thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Tus nqi kos duab ntawm lub cim
Tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm "tus nqi kos duab" thiab "tus nqi lag luam". Qee tus neeg, thaum sim nrhiav tus nqi ntawm lub cim, tig mus rau hauv Internet forums, xa duab. Qhov tseeb yog tias tsis muaj ib tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseeb thiab tus nqi ntawm cov duab yam tsis tau saib ntawm nws lub qhov muag. Ntau tus tig mus rau pawg ntseeg thiab tsev cia puav pheej kom pab. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov koom haum no tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem pab nrog kev ntsuas. Lawv yuav tham txog tus neeg sau tau, zaj duab xis ntawm cov duab, cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv ntawm kev sau ntawv. Tus nqi kos duab ntawm lub cim yog nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev xav raws li ib yam khoom ntawm kev kos duab, thiab tsis yog khoom qub. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev cia puav pheejyuav txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov duab zoo li cov duab kos duab. Tau kawg, cov kev txwv no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tus nqi, tab sis tsuas yog tias lawv txaus siab rau tus neeg yuav khoom.
Authenticity ntawm lub icon painting
Ua ntej kwv yees tus nqi ntawm lub cim, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nws qhov tseeb. Ib tug zoo tib yam fake yuav txawv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb. Tab sis txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov ntawv luam zoo, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas. Tib neeg tau kawm ntev los sau cov duab qub, noj qee yam txuj ci. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog txiav txim siab qhov tseeb, thaum lub cim qub ua tiav los ntawm txhais tes ntawm tus tswv yau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kev ntsuam xyuas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Lawv kawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub cim, av, muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam.
Ntawm cov xim vintage
Ib qho tseem ceeb yog kev kawm ntawm cov xim. Antiquarian icons ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th, uas tau los rau peb lub sij hawm, yog pleev xim rau cov xim raws li beeswax. Nyob rau hauv Russia, masters siv tempera. Qhov no yog lub qe yolk xim. Xws li iconography tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov muag liab qab. Tsis zoo li roj pleev xim, tempera yog nruj dua thiab sketchy.
Icon puag
Ntoo tau ntev tau suav tias yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kos duab icon. Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, masters siv linden. Cov laug cam ntawm tsob ntoo no tau suav tias yog lub hauv paus zoo tshaj plaws. Ntau tsawg zaus koj tuaj yeem pom cov hauv paus ua los ntawm alder, spruce lossis cypress. Boards npaj rau kev pleev xim rau icon ua tib zooqhuav thiab kaw nrog kua nplaum. Knots thiab pob raug tshem tawm kom tsis txhob ziab. Cov cim kim tshaj plaws muaj lub hauv paus ax-txiav. Lawv nto tsis sib xws. Icons pleev xim rau ntawm ntoo muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li lwm yam.
Pib pib txij li xyoo pua 19th, cov duab iconographic tau pib tsim khoom loj. Factories thiab nroj tsuag tshwm sim. Lawv pib siv cov khoom pheej yig dua rau cov duab kos duab - cov ntawv nyias nyias. Ntawm cov cim zoo li no, lub tuam txhab cim tau muab tso rau tom qab. Yuav luag txhua tsev neeg Lavxias muaj cov duab zoo li no. Yog li ntawd, lawv muaj nqi qis dua qub.
Kev tso cai
Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, masters nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm iconography hu ua isographers. Nws ntseeg tias cov neeg no tau txais lawv lub txiaj ntsim los ntawm Vajtswv. Lawv raug xaiv thiab tsim nyog ntawm lawv lub npe. Txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, iconographers tsis tso lawv cov kos npe rau ntawm cov duab kos duab icon. Nws tau ntseeg tias lawv yog tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm tus Tswv hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab nws yog tus Tswv uas tsim cov duab tshwj xeeb nrog lawv txhais tes.
Txawm hais tias qhov xwm txheej no, cov npe ntawm ob peb tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj tau dhau los ua neeg niaj hnub paub. Cov no yog Andrei Rublev, Theophanes Greek, Gregory, Dionysius, Alipiy, thiab lwm yam. Cov cim kim tshaj plaws yog cov txhuam ntawm cov duab kos duab. Cov duab ntawm cov isographs no tshwj xeeb thiab unrepeatable. Lawv khaws cia rau hauv lub xeev cov tsev cia puav pheej thiab cov chaw ua yeeb yam. Leej twg tuaj yeem pom lawv. Ntxiv mus, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob, Byzantine artist Theophanes cov Greek pleev xim rau ntau lub tsev teev ntuj Lavxias. Muajntau lub cim ntawm lwm tus, tsis paub sau ntawv. Lawv tsis muaj nqi tsawg.
Yeej, cov kws tshaj lij txiav txim siab sau ntawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab kev sau ntawv. Ntau tus neeg pleev kob icon kos npe rau cov npe ntawm cov cim lossis lub npe ntawm cov neeg dawb huv tau piav qhia rau lawv. Qhov xwm txheej no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab tus sau txoj haujlwm.
Tus tsim cov cim kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tau paub ntev los ntawm noob neej. Tus nqi ntawm cov duab antique ncaj qha nyob ntawm lub koob meej ntawm tus neeg pleev kob icon.
Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum yuav lub cim thov Vajtswv ntau pua xyoo
Hnub no, lub Hoobkas icon-painting dluab tuaj yeem yuav ntawm yuav luag txhua kauj ruam: lub tsev teev ntuj khw, khw tshwj xeeb, ntau yam kev nthuav qhia. Ntxiv mus, hauv ntau lub nroog koj tuaj yeem xaj ib tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm lub cim. Masters yuav coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov yuav tsum tau: loj, zajlus, txheej txheem sau ntawv, style, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis tseem, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov ntseeg hais ib tug thov Vajtswv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug qub icon.
Lub Koom Txoos Christian hais tias lub cim yog tus coj ntawm tib neeg thov Vajtswv. Ib lub cim qub, uas muaj nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, yog ib qho kev pe hawm. Ntau tiam neeg tau thov Vajtswv rau nws. Ntau lub cim qub raug coj mus rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm Russia kom tib neeg tuaj yeem pe hawm lawv thiab thov Vajtswv rau qhov dawb huv tshaj plaws.
Qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim qub tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Feem ntau ntawm cov duab no nyob hauv cov tuam tsev lossis tsev cia puav pheej. Tab sis muaj ntau lub cim uas muaj cov txuj ci tseem ceeb uas tsis paub rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Cov lus tseeb no hais txog sab ntsuj plig ntawm iconographyduab. Tab sis muaj lwm sab - nws yog artistic nqi. Muaj coob tus neeg nrhiav kom tau ib tug antique icon vim li no heev. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua daim duab yog tshwj xeeb. Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam. Tus ntsuj plig tau nqis peev rau nws.
Yuav ua li cas muag ib lub cim?
Txhua tus ntseeg, yog tias tsim nyog, muag lub cim qub pib raug tsim txom los ntawm kev ua xyem xyav. Hauv qhov teeb meem no, tus pov thawj Orthodox yuav pab. Lub Koom Txoos tsis tso cai txwv tsis pub muag cov duab kos duab. Qhov kev txiav txim no tsis yog kev txhaum.
Yog ib tug neeg tsis ntseeg tob, lo lus nug tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Rau kev muag khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, nws yog qhov zoo dua los tiv tauj cov khw muag khoom qub uas ntseeg siab. Nws tsis zoo li koj yuav nrhiav tau tus neeg yuav khoom ntawm koj tus kheej. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg sau yuav xav nrog tus muag tsis tau lees paub.
Los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias lub cim qub yog ib qho tshwj xeeb. Nws tsis tsuas yog nqa lub ntsiab lus tob ntawm sab ntsuj plig, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam siab. Tus neeg uas yog tus tswv ntawm kev kos duab zoo li no yuav tsum txiav txim siab rau nws tus kheej seb puas yuav muag lub cim lossis tso nws hauv tsev thiab hla dhau ib tiam dhau ib tiam ua tsev neeg qub txeeg qub teg.
Zoo hmoo, muaj ntau dua 30 lub cim kim tshaj plaws paub niaj hnub no hauv Lavxias Federation.
