Lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa. Lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa

2024 Tus sau: Miguel Ramacey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 06:20

Ilya Glazunov muaj cov duab zoo nkauj hu ua "Mr Veliky Novgorod". Lub tuam tsev tau piav qhia rau nws, nws qhov chaw nyob, thaj chaw ib puag ncig yog qhov nco txog lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa. Tsis xav tsis thoob, nws tseem nyob ze ntawm Novgorod, thiab Volkhov dej nyab meadows tau nthuav dav ib ncig zoo li hauv daim duab.

Rurikids - thawj tus huab tais Lavxias

Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov tuam tsev yeej ib txwm ua rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj - ze rau Vajtswv. Qhov siab tshaj plaws crust nyob rau hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv yog Nereditsa. Nyob rau ntawm nws yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Hloov Hloov ntawm tus Tswv. Nws yog nplooj siab rau ob tug tub tuag ntawm Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Qee cov keeb kwm ntseeg tias lawv tsis nco qab ntxiv "Cruel" rau lub npe menyuam yaus "Wise". Tsis muaj tus ntiv tes txaus ntawm tes los sau cov menyuam yaus ntawm txhua tus Ruriks hauv tebchaws Russia. Thiab tus tub ntawm Yuri Dolgoruky, Vsevolod, vim hais tias ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov me nyuam, tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus "Log Zes". Cov tub huabtais tuag, thiab thaum lawv lub neej, cov kwv tij mus ua rog tawm tsam cov kwv tij, tus tub tawm tsam txiv, txiv tawm tsam tus tub. Thawj cov neeg ntseeg hauv Lavxias yog Boris thiab Gleb, cov kwv tij ntawm Yaroslav the Wise thiab Svyatopolk, uas, raws li txoj cai version, tua lawv, uas nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus."Ntxhais". Muaj kev xav tias lawv poob ntawm Yaroslav txhais tes. Ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa tau ua ib feem rau lawv, vim hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj tshwj xeeb painting kuj khaws lub ntsej muag ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab neeg ntseeg.

Temple qhov chaw

Ib lub tuam tsev tau txhim tsa tsis deb ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm Yaroslav, peb mais ntawm Novgorod. Nws ua ib lub tuam tsev nyob ze nws tus pej thuam ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw. Tam sim no qhov chaw no yog archaeological monument, hu ua "Rurik's Settlement", thiab tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam keeb kwm raws li lub npe "Veliky Novgorod", tiv thaiv los ntawm UNESCO. Lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob ib ncig ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Nereditsa, tau hu ua "Tus Cawm Seej ntawm Kev Txiav Txim". Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Yaroslav, active lub tsev teev ntuj yog nqa tawm. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub loj St. Sophia Cathedral, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th thiab pib ntawm lub 13th centuries, lub tuam tsev ntawm me me tau nquag ua. Lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm tus dej Spasskaya. Txoj kev mus rau Moscow hla lub tuam tsev. Tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1198, lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa yog Yaroslav lub tsev kawg ntawm thaj av no. Novgorodians raug ntiab tawm nws. Tab sis nws kuj tau dhau los ua lub tsev tseem ceeb kawg nkaus - Novgorod tau dhau los ua lub nroog dawb.

Special conditions

Lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej me me, txawm tias zoo nkauj heev. Nws kuj yog ib feem ntawm Veliky Novgorod cov cuab yeej cuab tam keeb kwm, zoo li lwm lub tsev teev ntuj uas muaj sia nyob ua los ntawm Yaroslav thiab nws cov thawj coj. Piv txwv ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Kyiv,coj raws li lub hauv paus, lawv tau enriched los ntawm lub zos kab lis kev cai ntawm lub trading nroog, lub artistic saj ntawm architects thiab craftsmen. Lawv tau txais originality vim lub peculiarities ntawm lub tsev pob zeb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm masonry phab ntsa. Nws yog tshwj xeeb - txheej ntawm plinths (cib ua los ntawm lub plhaub pob zeb), lub zos pob zeb, uas nyuaj rau txheej txheem, mortar nrog ntxiv ntawm cib chips thiab Volkhov limestone, alternated. Vim lub unevenness ntawm lub plinths, cov phab ntsa yog ntxhib. Tag nrho cov originality no hu ua kev tsim kho hauv zos nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw sib cais hu ua "architecture of the Novgorod av", uas yog tus sawv cev ntawm tus Cawm Seej lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nereditsa.

Similar temples

Ib lub tuam tsev me me, uas siv lub npe "chamber" yog siv tau, tau tsim los nco txog cov tub tua neeg, thiab tau xeeb los ua ib lub qhov ntxa. Kev tsim kho tau ua tiav ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, cov ntsiab lus tau sau tseg - tsuas yog 4 lub hlis, tab sis tag nrho tom ntej 1199 lub tsev teev ntuj tau pleev xim rau. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv thiab architecture (lub tsev teev ntuj ib leeg-domed cubic), lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa zoo li lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse tsim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Zoo ib yam li nws yog Transfiguration Cathedral nyob rau hauv Pereyaslav-Zalessky, lub Demetrius Cathedral nyob rau hauv Vladimir, lub Pyatnitskaya lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Chernigov, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Annunciation ntawm lub Arkazh, Peter thiab Paul nyob rau hauv Titmouse Roob thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov no sawv cev rau hom tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox. Kev tsim kho ntawm pob zeb ntoo khaub lig-domed pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv Russia pib nrog kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Tithes nyob rau hauv Kyiv thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, active kev tsim kho.cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm hom no tseem nquag txuas ntxiv txawm tias tam sim no. Nws yog nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm uas cov tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas raug rhuav tshem los ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet tau rov qab los thiab tsim cov tshiab. Thiab nws yog qhov zoo uas lawv khaws daim ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox Lavxias teb sab, thiab zoo li cov duab ntawm Nesterov thiab Glazunov. Kev txuas ntxiv yog khaws cia, kev hlub rau Russia yog instilled nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cov me nyuam los ntawm thaum yau, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm "Holy Russia" los ua ze heev.

Ntseeg haiv neeg zoo

Lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa yog nyob rau ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-domed, nrog rau 4 load-bearing pillars ntawm pe hawm. Nws, zoo li ntau lub tsev zoo sib xws, muaj pozakomarnoe txheej uas muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj. Zakomaras zais cia lossis semicircular zakomaras yog lub ru tsev nkhaus, es nyuaj rau kev tua, rov ua cov duab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj vault. Lub zakomara nws tus kheej crowns lub spinner - ib feem ntsug ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj facade. Cov fragments ntsug no, ntawm ib sab, kho lub tuam tsev, ntawm qhov tod tes, muab nws lub teb chaws tshwj xeeb. Vim nws qhov me me, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Nereditsa muaj cov hu nkauj me me, uas yog mezzanines kom haum rau pawg hu nkauj.

Tsim tsa pawg ntseeg rau Nereditsa

Feem ntau, cov chav no - hu nkauj lossis patios - nyob rau ntawm qhov qhib qhov rooj lossis lub sam thiaj sab hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab ib txwm nyob ntawm theem ob ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub thaj. Lub tsev teev ntuj no muaj cov phab ntsa tuab heev, ib lub staircase nqaim thiab nkag mus rau pawg hu nkauj, nyob rau ntawm ib tug ntoo reel, txiav mus rau sab hnub poob phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv pem teb muajob txoj kab. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa nyob rau hauv Novgorod nws tus kheej muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua proportions, ntxhib phab ntsa, tab sis qhov no tsis ua rau nws tag nrho, tab sis muab lub tuam tsev ib tug tej yam sophistication thiab originality. Lub plasticity ntawm phab ntsa yog suav tias yog amazing. Txawm tias muaj ntau yam analogues, pawg ntseeg yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Lub tsev teev ntuj tau txhim tsa sai, thiab txawm hais tias nws siv sijhawm ib xyoo los pleev xim rau nws, cov ntsiab lus rau kev thov cov frescoes kuj luv luv. Daim duab npog tag nrho cov chaw sab hauv - cov phab ntsa, lub dome, cov kab txhawb nqa, thiab hauv qhov no nws tsis sib npaug. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pictorial ensemble, lub nto moo tshaj plaws monument ntawm monumental painting tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe - qhov no yog dab tsi painting, uas Spas ntawm Nereditsa muaj, zoo li. Novgorod tsis tuaj yeem khav ntawm lwm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Tsis nco qab thiab khaws cia

Tau ntau pua xyoo lub tsev teev ntuj tau sawv, xav tsis thoob tias muaj kev sib haum xeeb haum rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig, thiab tsis muaj kev zoo siab nyob ib puag ncig nws. Kev txaus siab rau nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nyob rau hauv 1867, tus artist N. Martynov tau txais ib tug bronze medal nyob rau hauv Paris rau watercolor luam ntawm Nereditsa phab ntsa paintings. Nyob rau hauv 1910, kev kho dua tshiab thiab nquag kawm ntawm frescoes pib. Tag nrho cov no txuas ntxiv ntau lossis tsawg dua kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1930s. Txoj haujlwm no tau raug thawb txhua lub sijhawm los ntawm Nicholas Roerich, uas xav khaws cov hlaws zoo li Spas ntawm Nereditsa. Cov frescoes ntawm lub tuam tsev tau muaj sia nyob mus rau lub sijhawm ntawd zoo heev.

Kev nkag siab zoo

Tsuas yog ua tsaug rau cov haujlwm uas tau ua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov khoom muaj nqis no tau khaws cia hauv cov duab thiab luam rau hnub no thiabluam tawm ua ib phau ntawv cais. Lub frescoes lawv tus kheej, thiab lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej, tag nrho cov tuag nyob rau hauv 1941 los ntawm fascist shelling, txij li thaum muaj ib tug firing point nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Zoo heev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no uas ua haujlwm kho dua tshiab tau pib xyoo 1944. Lub tuam tsev tau raug txum tim rov qab zoo li qub uas tsis tshua muaj neeg lees paub tias yog kev tsim tawm tom qab tsov rog. Nws tau los ua kom rov tsim lub tsev teev ntuj tsuas yog ua tsaug rau qhov ntsuas ntsuas tau ua hauv 1903-1904 los ntawm Academician P. Pivovarov.

Ntawm deb koj tuaj yeem pom lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa sawv saum toj. Cov duab uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau ntau qhia nws amazing kev zoo nkauj. Outwardly, nws yog ib daim qauv ntawm nws cov thawj, tab sis lub sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj yuav tsis rov qab los, txij li thaum 15% ntawm thawj paintings tau khaws cia, feem ntau yog sab sauv - phab ntsa, vaults, dome.

Qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias txhua yam tau pleev xim, tab sis tus qauv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov frescoes tau tawm tsam.

Tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tau suav tias yog ib qho khoom qub ntawm cov duab hauv lub dome ntawm "Ascension" ntawm tus Tswv Yexus nrog rau rau tus tim tswv. Lub sijhawm no, lub domes tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog "Pantokrat". Nws yog, raws li txoj cai, ib nrab-ntev duab ntawm Yexus. Nws ua koob hmoov nrog nws sab tes xis, nws tuav Txoj Moo Zoo nrog nws sab laug. Lub tsev teev ntuj frescoes nyob rau hauv 9 theem. Muaj cov ntawv sau "Kev Cai Raus Dej", portraits ntawm tua princes thiab thawj cov ntseeg Boris thiab Gleb. Muaj ib tug loj portrait ntawm Yaroslav thiab ib tug loj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib qho chaw rau zaj dab neeg "nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntuj txiag teb tsaus." Gener altsis muaj qhov kev pab cuam pleev xim, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv St. Sophia Cathedral, tsis muaj lub sijhawm me ntsis ntawm cov xwm txheej, tab sis qhov no tsis saib xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Nereditsa frescoes.

Collective creativity

Ntau tus kws tshaj lij piav qhia qhov tsis muaj qhov system los ntawm kev muaj ntau tus kws ua haujlwm thiab maj nrawm kom ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim. Thiab ib txhia hais tias Yaroslav, rau lub caij ntuj sov luv luv, thaum lub tsev teev ntuj feem ntau kos npe rau, caw cov kws tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm ib leeg, cov uas yog ib tug neeg txawv teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Lub npe tiag tiag ntawm tus kws kos duab tsis paub, tab sis (tej zaum) ntau qhia tias nws yog tus neeg pleev kob icon Olisey Grechin. Archaeologists tau pom nws lub rooj cob qhia, qhov twg ntau qhia nws txoj kev koom tes hauv Nereditsky murals. Cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias cov qauv ntawm kev sau ntawv yog cheb, ze, es, rau cov style oriental dua li nruj Byzantine ib.

Kub cuab yeej cuab tam

Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Hloov Pauv ntawm Nereditsa tau rov qab ua tiav hauv xyoo 1958, thiab xyoo 1992 nws tau suav nrog hauv Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Ntiaj Teb.

Nws yog qhov ua tiav loj uas tam sim no tau tsim tawm hauv 3D. Siv cov duab dub thiab dawb thiab cov duab kos uas khaws cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Leningrad University tau tswj kom rov tsim kho ob qho tib si sab hauv thiab sab nrauv ntawm lub tuam tsev, thiab nws hloov pauv raws sijhawm. Thiab tag nrho qhov no yog qhov tseeb.

Tam sim no, lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej ua lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib rau pej xeem ob peb hnub hauv ib lub lis piam.