Keeb kwm ntawm papacy captivates ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, peb thov kom kawm kom meej lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub supreme hierarch, uas Pope ib txwm nyob ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Roman Catholic lub tsev teev ntuj. Raws li cov lus qhuab qhia Catholic, nws pib txij li lub sijhawm Petus thiab txuas ntxiv mus txog niaj hnub no.
Lub Sijhawm Emperors
Cia peb pib los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm papacy hauv keeb kwm ntawm Medieval Europe. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Koom Txoos thaum ntxov, cov npis sov ntawm Rome tsis muaj hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub cev mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Constantine. Ntxiv rau cov Roman, kuj tseem muaj Ostrogothic papacy, Byzantine thiab Frankish. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau sau nws cov lus thov thaj chaw hla ib feem ntawm ceg av qab teb hu ua Papal States. Tom qab ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sib ze tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov tsev neeg Roman muaj zog thaum lub sijhawm saeculum obscurum. Tseem ceeb npaum li lub luag haujlwm ntawm Pope, keeb kwm ntawm papacy tsis tau txiav txim los ntawm nws ib leeg.
Caesarepapism
Los ntawm 1048 txog 1257, papacy tau ntsib kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov thawj coj thiab pawg ntseeg ntawm Vajntxwv Loos thiab Byzantine Empire (Eastern Romanfaj tim teb chaws). Cov tom kawg tau ua tiav hauv kev sib cais ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Sab Hnub Poob, uas tau muab faib rau Western thiab Eastern Churches. Nyob rau xyoo 1257-1377 Pope, txawm hais tias nws yog ib tug npis sov hauv Rome, qee zaum nyob hauv lwm lub nroog Italian thiab hauv Avignon. Kev rov qab los ntawm Popes rau Rome tom qab Avignon Papacy tau ua raws li Western Schism. Ntawd yog, kev faib ntawm Western Lub Koom Txoos ntawm ob thiab rau qee lub sijhawm peb tus neeg sib tw. Raws li hauv qab no los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm papacy ntawm John Norwich, rov hais dua los ntawm nws hauv ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam
Papacy paub txog nws txoj kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, tawm tsam rau European hwj chim kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib tw theological rau papal txoj cai. Tom qab pib lub Protestant Reformation, lub Reformation Papacy thiab Papal Baroque coj lub Koom Txoos Catholic los ntawm Counter-Reformation. Popes thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig pom qhov loj tshaj plaws confiscation ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj vaj tse. Lo lus nug Rome, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Ltalis, ua rau poob ntawm ntau lub xeev thiab tsim Vatican.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Catholics lees paub Pope ua tus ua tiav rau Saint Peter, uas Yexus tau xaiv ua "pob zeb" uas lub Koom Txoos yuav tsum tsim. Txawm hais tias Peter yeej tsis tuav lub npe ntawm "Pope", Catholics lees paub nws ua thawj tus npis sov ntawm Rome. Cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm lub Koom Txoos qhia tias cov txiv plig nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm cov npis sov zoo ib yam li cov uas Petus tuav hauv "tsev kawm ntawv qib siab" ntawm cov thwj tim. Nws yog tus huab tais ntawm cov thwj tim, thaum lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm cov npis sov yog ib qho chaw sib txawv, suav nrog qee tus.as successor.
Ntau tus tsis lees paub tias Petus thiab cov uas tau lees tias yog nws cov neeg ua tiav tam sim ntawd tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb kev tswj hwm ntawm txhua lub koom txoos thaum ntxov, hais tias tus Npis Sov ntawm Rome yog thiab tseem yog "thawj qhov sib npaug" raws li tau hais los ntawm Patriarch ntawm Orthodox. Lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd AD thiab dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st. Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv no yuav tsum ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib cav thiab kev tsis pom zoo rau niaj hnub no ntawm Catholic thiab Orthodox Churches, uas yog ib lub Koom Txoos rau tsawg kawg yog thawj xya lub rooj sab laj ua ntej kev sib cav sib ceg tshaj papal primacy.
Ntau tus npis sov ntawm Rome hauv thawj peb centuries ntawm Christian era yog cov duab tsis meej. Ntau tus neeg tuag raws li martyrs thaum lub sij hawm tsim txom. Lawv feem ntau koom nrog kev sib cav txog kev ntseeg siab nrog lwm tus npis sov.
Keeb Kwm
Raws li "History of the Papacy" los ntawm S. G. Lozinsky, cov lus dab neeg ntawm kev yeej ntawm Constantine I ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Milvian Choj (312) txuas nws lub zeem muag ntawm chi-ro thiab cov ntawv nyeem hauv cov cim kos npe saum ntuj, thiab tseem rov tsim cov cim no rau ntawm daim thaiv ntawm nws cov tub rog. Xyoo tom ntej, Constantine thiab Licinius tshaj tawm kev zam txim rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv nrog tsab ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm Milan, thiab hauv 325, Constantine tau sib tham thiab ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Thawj Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Nicaea, thawj Pawg Ecumenical. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no muaj me ntsis ua rau Pope, uas tsis tau tuaj koom lub rooj sab laj; Qhov tseeb tiag, thawj tus npis sov ntawm Rome tau ib txhij hu ua Pope yog Damasus I (366–84). Ntxiv mus, nyob nruab nrab ntawm 324 thiab 330 Constantine tsiv lub peev ntawm Roman faj tim teb chawsLos ntawm Rome mus rau Byzantium, yav tas los Greek lub nroog ntawm Bosporus. Lub zog ntawm Rome tau pauv mus rau Byzantium, uas tom qab ntawd, hauv 330, tau los ua Constantinople, thiab hnub no - Istanbul.
Txawm hais tias "Kev pub dawb ntawm Constantine" tsis tau tshwm sim, Constantine tau muab lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Lateran rau Npis Sov ntawm Rome, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm 310 AD kev tsim kho pib ntawm Constantine basilica hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees hu ua Aula Palatina.
Tus Huab Tais kuj tau tsim lub Qub St. Peter's Basilica, los yog Constantine Basilica, St. Peter's Basilica hauv Vatican, ntawm qhov chaw faus ntawm St. Peter, raws li kev cai rau cov ntseeg hauv lub nroog Loos tom qab nws hloov siab los ntseeg. Cov ntseeg Vajtswv, raws li hauv qab no los ntawm "History of the Papacy" los ntawm Gergeus E.
Ostrogothic Papacy
Lub sijhawm Ostrogothic tau los ntawm 493 txog 537. Lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem hu ua qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm papacy nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Kev xaiv tsa ntawm ib tug txiv plig nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 483 yog thawj zaug uas tsis muaj Western Roman huab tais. Lub Papacy tau raug cuam tshuam los ntawm Ostrogothic Kingdom tshwj tsis yog tias Pope tau raug tsa ncaj qha los ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Ostrogothic. Kev xaiv thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm Popes lub sijhawm no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Atalaric thiab Theodadad. Lub sijhawm no tau xaus nrog (rov) kev kov yeej ntawm Rome los ntawm Justinian I thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Gothic, qhov pib ntawm Byzantine pontiff (537-752). Lub sijhawm no hauv keeb kwm ntawm papacy tseem ceeb heev.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Ostrogoths tau pom meej thaum thawj zaug sib cais. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 22, 498, ob tug txiv neej raug xaiv Pope. Kev vam meej tom ntej ntawm Pope Symmachus (498-514) dhau Antipas Laurentius yog thawj zaugib qho piv txwv ntawm simony hauv keeb kwm ntawm Pope. Symmachus kuj tau tsim cov kev coj ua ntawm popes naming nws successors, uas pheej mus txog rau ib tug unpopular xaiv tau ua nyob rau hauv 530, thiab strife txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv 532 ntawm John II, thawj rename nws tus kheej succession.
Byzantine papacy
Lub papacy no yog lub sijhawm ntawm Byzantine dominance los ntawm 537 txog 752 thaum cov popes xav tau kev pom zoo los ntawm Byzantine emperors rau episcopal fij tseg, thiab ntau pontiffs raug xaiv los ntawm apokrisations (kev sib txuas los ntawm pope mus rau huab tais) los yog cov neeg nyob hauv. Byzantine tim Nkij teb chaws, Syria los yog Sicily. Justinian Kuv tau kov yeej Italian Peninsula hauv Gothic Tsov Rog (535–54) thiab tau tsa peb tus Popes tom ntej, uas yuav txuas ntxiv los ntawm nws cov neeg ua tiav thiab tom qab ntawd raug xa mus rau Exarchate ntawm Ravenna.
Lub Duchy ntawm Rome yog ib cheeb tsam Byzantine nyob rau hauv Exarchate ntawm Ravenna txiav txim los ntawm ib tug imperial functionary nrog lub npe ntawm Dux. Nyob rau hauv lub exarchate, ob lub cheeb tsam tseem ceeb yog lub teb chaws nyob ze Ravenna, qhov twg lub exarch yog qhov chaw ntawm Byzantine tawm tsam rau lub Lombards, thiab lub Duchy ntawm Rome, uas npog thaj av ntawm Latium sab qaum teb ntawm Tiber thiab Campania nyob rau sab qab teb. deb li Garigliano. Muaj tus txiv plig tus kheej yog tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev tawm tsam.
Hauv 738, Lombard duke Transamund ntawm Spolete ntes lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Gallese, uas tiv thaiv txoj kev mus rau Perugia. Nrog rau kev them nyiaj loj, Pope Gregory III yuam kom duke rov qab lub tsev fuabtais rau nws.
Lub kaus mom huab tais, ib zaug tuav los ntawm Carolingian emperors, tau sib tw ntawm lawv cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab cov thawj coj hauv zos; tsis muaj leej twg tshwm sim yeej mus txog thaum Otto kuv,Holy Roman Emperor tsis tau ntxeem Ltalis. Ltalis tau dhau los ua lub nceeg vaj ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman hauv 962, los ntawm qhov uas cov huab tais yog Germans. Raws li cov huab tais ntxiv dag zog rau lawv txoj haujlwm, sab qaum teb Italian nroog-xeev tau muab faib ua Guelphs thiab Ghibellines. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, nrhiav tau peb tus neeg tawm tsam popes thaum mus xyuas Rome hauv 1048 vim qhov kev ua tsis tau pom dua ntawm Pope Benedict IX. Nws rhuav tshem tag nrho peb thiab teeb tsa nws tus neeg sib tw nyiam, uas yog Pope Clement II, raws li peb paub los ntawm kev ua haujlwm sau los ntawm Gergeus.
Popes vs Caesars
Keeb kwm ntawm papacy los ntawm 1048 txog 1257 yuav txuas ntxiv raug cim los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lawv thiab Vaj Ntxwv Roman Emperor. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev nqis peev, kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog leej twg - tus txiv plig los yog tus huab tais - tuaj yeem xaiv tsa cov npis sov hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Henry IV txoj kev taug kev mus rau Canossa hauv 1077 kom ntsib Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb loj, tau dhau los ua lus dab neeg. Txawm hais tias huab tais tau tso tseg ib txoj cai los nqis peev hauv Concordat of Hearts (1122), qhov teeb meem tau nce ntxiv.
Raws li Lozinsky's "History of the Papacy" hais tias, kev sib cais ntev ntev ntawm East thiab West kuj tau coj mus rau East-West Schism thiab Crusades. Thawj xya Ecumenical Councils tau tuaj koom los ntawm ob sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj prelates, tab sis loj hlob cov lus qhuab qhia, theological, linguistic, nom tswv thiab thaj chaw sib txawv hauvnws thiaj li ua rau kev sib cav sib ceg thiab excommunication. Kev hais lus ntawm Pope Urban II (1088–99) ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Clermont hauv 1095 yog lub suab nrov nrov rau Thawj Crusade.
Nkauj qhuas vaj tswv
Tom qab xya caum xyoo nyob rau Fabkis, papal curia yog ib txwm Fabkis nyob rau hauv nws tus cwj pwm thiab, rau ib tug loj npaum li cas, nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev. Muaj qee qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv Rome. Cov neeg coob coob ntawm Loos, hais tias yuav muaj kev hem thawj, thov kom tus txiv plig, lossis tsawg kawg yog ib tus neeg Italian. Nyob rau hauv 1378, ib tug conclave xaiv ib tug Italian los ntawm Naples li Pope Urban VI. Nws intransigence nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm sai alienated Fabkis cardinals. Thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg Loos tau tso cai rau lawv hais rov qab hais tias nws qhov kev xaiv tsa tsis raug cai, tau pov npav los ntawm kev ua phem. Qhov no tau piav qhia zoo nkauj hauv Lozinsky phau ntawv "History of the Papacy".
Cov Fabkis cardinals tau mus rau lawv tus kheej lub rooj sab laj, qhov chaw lawv xaiv ib tus ntawm lawv tus lej, Robert ntawm Geneva. Nws muab lub npe Clement VII. Los ntawm 1379 nws tau rov qab mus rau Papal Palace hauv Avignon, thaum Lub Nroog VI tseem nyob hauv Rome.
Western cais
Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj los ntawm 1378 txog 1417, uas cov kws tshawb fawb Catholic hu ua "Western Schism" lossis "Great Antipope Controversy" (uas qee cov neeg tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab Protestant hu ua "Second Great Schism"). thaum ob tog hauv lub Koom Txoos Catholic tau muab faib rau hauv lawv txoj kev ntseeg ntawm ntau tus neeg sib tw rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm Pope. Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Constance thaum kawg tau daws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv 1417.
Tau ib ntus txawm muaj ob tug papal curias thiab ob daim cardinals, txhua tus xaiv ib tug pope tshiab rau Rome los yog Avignon thaum kev tuag tsim ib qhov chaw. Txhua tus neeg txiv plig tus thawj coj tau txhawb nqa ntawm cov vaj ntxwv thiab cov thawj coj uas tawm tsam ib leeg, hloov kev coj ncaj ncees raws li kev coj noj coj ua. Keeb kwm ntawm papacy yeej ib txwm muaj tus yam ntxwv ntawm qhov no.
Nyob rau xyoo 1409 muaj ib lub rooj sablaj hauv Pisa los daws qhov teebmeem no. Pawg sab laj tshaj tawm ob qho tib si popes uas twb muaj lawm schismatic thiab tau xaiv ib tug tshiab, Alexander V. Tab sis cov uas twb muaj lawm popes tsis tau yaum kom tawm, yog li ntawd muaj peb popes nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj.
Lwm lub rooj sab laj tau sib tham hauv 1414 hauv Constanta. Lub Peb Hlis 1415, Pisan Pope John XXIII zais zais ntawm Constance; nws raug xa rov qab mus rau captivity thiab deposed nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis. Pope Gregory XII yeem tawm ntawm lub Xya Hli.
Avignon Pope Benedict XIII tsis kam tuaj rau Constance. Txawm hais tias tus kheej mus ntsib Emperor Sigismund, nws tsis xav txog kev tawm haujlwm. Pawg Sab Laj tau tso nws tseg thaum Lub Xya Hli 1417. Tab sis nws tau mus rau Spain thiab txuas ntxiv mus kav lub tsev teev ntuj raws li Pope, tsim tshiab cardinals thiab tshaj tawm txoj cai, mus txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1423.
Lub rooj sab laj hauv Constanta, thaum kawg tau tshem tawm thaj chaw ntawm popes thiab cov neeg tawm tsam, xaiv Pope Martin V ua tus txiv plig thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis.
Hnub nyoog ntawm Colonialism
Popes tau raug hu ntau dua los daws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg sib tw ua nom ua tswv dua li daws cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyuaj. Qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm Columbus hauv 1492 chim siab rau kev sib raug zoo tsis ruaj khov ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Portugal thiab Castile, uas nws tawm tsam kom muaj kev ywj pheej. Cov cheeb tsam tau tswj hwm los ntawm papal bulls ntawm 1455, 1456 thiab 1479. Alexander VI teb nrog peb bulls, hnub tim 3 thiab 4 lub Tsib Hlis, uas zoo heev rau Castile; Qhov thib peb Inter Caetera (1493) tau muab Spain txoj kev ywj pheej los kov yeej thiab ua kom cov neeg Amelikas.
Raws li Eamon Duffy, "Renaissance papacy evokes dluab ntawm Hollywood spectacle, decadence thiab attraction. Cov neeg niaj hnub saib ntawm "Renaissance Rome" tib yam li peb tam sim no pom Nixon's Washington, lub nroog ntawm whores nrog kev siv nyiaj thiab kev xiab nom tswv uas txhua tus thiab txhua yam muaj tus nqi uas tsis muaj dab tsi thiab tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem ntseeg tau. Cov popes lawv tus kheej zoo li teeb lub suab nrov. Piv txwv li, Leo X hais tias, "Cia li txaus siab rau papacy raws li Vajtswv muab rau peb." Ib txhia ntawm cov popes tau coj poj niam thiab txiv, koom nrog intrigue los yog tua neeg. Alexander VI muaj plaub tug menyuam yaus: Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia, Gioffre Borgia thiab Giovanni Borgia ua ntej nws los ua Pope.
Kev sib sau ntawm Ltalis
Florence tau ua lub peev txheej ntawm Ltalis txij li xyoo 1865. Tom qab swb ntawm papal pab tub rog nyob rau hauv 1870, lub Italian tsoom fwv tsiv mus rau lub ntug dej ntawm Tiber ib xyoo tom qab. Victor Emmanuel nyob hauv Quirinal Palace. Thawj thawj zaug nyob rau hauv kaum peb centuries, Rome tau los ua lub peev ntawm ib lub tebchaws Ltalis.
Tsim lub Vatican
Cov popes ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries siv lawv txoj cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig nrog kev ua kom muaj zog hauv txhua yam ntawm lub neej kev ntseeg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws pontificate ntawm Pope Pius IX (1846-1878), thawj zaug nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, muaj ib tug ruaj khov.tau tsim papal tswj hwm cov haujlwm ntawm cov tub txib Catholic thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Kev kav ntawm Pius Kaum Ib Hlis tau raug cim los ntawm kev ua ub ua no nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev qhia thiab tso tawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau. Hauv kev ua nom ua tswv, Pius tau pab thawj zaug los ntawm Pietro Gasparri thiab, tom qab xyoo 1930, los ntawm Eugenio Pacelli (uas ua tiav nws li Pope Pius XII). Lub masterpiece ntawm Cardinal Gasparri yog Lateran Treaty (1929), xaus nrog Nazis. Tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm Vatican thiab Mussolini hais txog kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tseem sib txawv. Qhov no culminated nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog papal tsab ntawv (Non abbiamo bisogno, 1931). Uas sib cav hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los ua ib tug fascist thiab Catholic. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Mussolini thiab Pope tsis zoo txhua lub sijhawm, raws li tau piav qhia meej hauv E. Gergey phau ntawv "History of the Papacy" (m 1996).
Interwar time
Lub Papacy ua ntej tsov rog hloov pauv txais tos thiab rau txim rau cov fascist txav hauv Tebchaws Europe. Pius XI's Mit Brennender Sorge, ib qho kev txiav txim siab rau qhov kev xav hais tias "txhawb ib haiv neeg, lossis ib haiv neeg, lossis ib lub xeev, lossis ib hom ntawm lub xeev … siab dua lawv tus qauv tus nqi thiab deifies lawv mus rau theem ntawm kev pe mlom," tau sau. hauv German tsis yog Latin. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau nyeem raws li hauv qab no: hauv German pawg ntseeg ntawm Palm Sunday 1937. Phau ntawv "History of the Papacy" piav qhia txog qhov no.
Tsov rog, tom qab tsov rog thiab niaj hnub no
Txawm hais tias tom qab ntau xyoo kev txum tim rov qab los, lub Koom Txoosvam meej nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws tsim, nws tau ntsib kev tsim txom hnyav tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Rau caum lab Catholics poob rau hauv Soviet-dominated regimes, kaum tawm txhiab tus pov thawj thiab kev cai dab qhuas cov duab raug tua nyob rau hauv 1945, thiab ntau lab tus tau raug xa mus rau lub Soviet thiab Suav Gulags. Cov nom tswv hauv tebchaws Albania, Bulgaria, Romania thiab Tuam Tshoj tag nrho tab sis rhuav tshem lub Koom Txoos Roman Catholic hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Cov keeb kwm niaj hnub no ntawm papacy tau txav mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia raws li nws tau ua rau xyoo pua dhau los: kev hloov pauv hloov mus rau hauv lub koom haum ua lag luam, kev ywj pheej thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Western nom tswv tiam sis tseem txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm Vatican.
