Ua ntej tham txog cov cim ntawm 17th-18th centuries, cia me ntsis txog hnub tim. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov ntseeg Vajtswv kuj kis tau nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, nws yog Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv ntawm icon painting uas muaj nws tus kheej tseem ceeb sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm subtle spirituality ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab txawv txawv originality. Niaj hnub no, cov neeg niaj hnub no feem ntau nyob deb ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas. Tab sis tsis ntev los no, hauv txhua lub tsev nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab lossis tsev muaj lub kaum liab, qhov twg cov duab dawb huv yuav tsum tau dai, uas tau txais qub txeeg qub teg lossis tau txais khoom plig raws li koob hmoov.
Tom qab ntawd nws yog cov cim pheej yig. Yog li ntawd, cov uas ploj lawm thiab twb blackened los ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau lub sij hawm feem ntau yog muab rau ib co monastery icon khw thiab nyob rau hauv rov qab lawv tau txais ib tug tshiab, them ib tug me me nqi. Tom qab tag nrho, xws li, kev muag khoom ntawm cov cim tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th.
Cov duab tsis muaj nqi
Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog tias cov cim ntawm nruab nrab-13th caug xyoo (ua ntej lub sijhawm Mongol) yog cov khoom siv tsis zoo niaj hnub no, thiab tsuas muaj ob peb lub kaum xwb. Icons ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th-16th, muaj los ntawm cov neeg pleev kob iconCov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Rublev thiab Dionysius, kuj tau nqis los rau peb hauv tsawg. Thiab lawv tsuas tuaj yeem pom hauv tsev cia puav pheej thiab, yog tias koj muaj hmoo, hauv cov khoom ntiag tug tsis tshua muaj.
Rau cov neeg nyiam cov cim ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ua ntej tus tswv kos npe tsis tau muab tso rau hauv lub cim. Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua no, lub xeev cov nyiaj txiag rau nws replenishment qhia ib tug se rau cov khoom ntawm "bogomaz". Lawv raug yuam kom kos npe rau txhua lub cim lawv ua, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau nkag mus rau hauv cov npe. Yuav luag txhua lub cim qub Orthodox muaj nws zaj dab neeg zoo kawg nkaus. Lub cim tiag tiag yuav tsum tsis txhob ua txhaum txoj cai tswj hwm kev cai dab qhuas.
Stroganov tsev kawm ntawv
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, tom qab kawg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Cov Teeb Meem Loj, thawj tsar (tom qab Rurik dynasty) Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich tau nce mus rau lub zwm txwv. Lub sijhawm no, lub tsev kawm ntawv Stroganov icon painting nrog nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb Prokopy Chirin tau ua haujlwm rau tsar. Lub tsev kawm ntawv Stroganov tau tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th thiab tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm cov tub lag luam muaj nyiaj thiab patrons ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, Stroganovs. Cov masters zoo tshaj plaws tom qab ntawd yog cov kws kos duab hauv Moscow icon uas ua haujlwm hauv kev cob qhia vaj ntxwv.
Thawj zaug, lub tsev kawm ntawv Stroganov nrhiav pom kev zoo nkauj thiab paj huam ntawm toj roob hauv pes. Panoramas nrog meadows thiab toj, tsiaj txhu thiab hav zoov, tshuaj ntsuab thiab paj tshwm rau ntau lub cim.
Lub sijhawm muaj teeb meem, lub tsev kawm ntawv Stroganov tsis tau muab xim rau cov cim, thiab tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj qhov tsis xis nyob hauv lawv, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim tsis zoo. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub xeev tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd hauv cov duab kos duab, uas maj mamtau ib tug neeg ntiaj teb lub cim, cov canons tau ploj, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab nthuav.
Kev sib qhia
Los ntawm 1620, lub icon chamber tsim ib tsab cai (tau tua mus txog rau 1638), uas tau muab rau kev rov pib dua ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg uas raug kev txom nyem thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem.
Los ntawm 1642, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los kho cov duab yuav luag ploj ntawm Assumption Cathedral hauv Kremlin. 150 tus kws ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm ntau lub nroog Lavxias tau koom nrog hauv txoj haujlwm no. Lawv tau coj los ntawm Ivan Paisein, Sidor Pospeev thiab lwm tus huab tais "painters". Xws li kev sib koom ua haujlwm txhawb kev sib pauv ntawm kev paub, coj mus rau kev rov ua tiav ntawm qhov yuav luag ploj ntawm kev ua haujlwm artel. Los ntawm lub npe hu ua "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Assumption Cathedral" tuaj xws li cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm xyoo pua 17th xws li Sevastyan Dmitriev los ntawm Yaroslavl, Stepan Ryazanets, Yakov Kazanets, Kostroma cov neeg nyob hauv Ioakim Ageev thiab Vasily Ilyin. Muaj kev xav ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tias lawv txhua tus tom qab tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Armory, uas tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws cov kos duab.
Innovation
Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm kev kos duab zoo li "Armory style". Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev xav kom pom qhov ntim thiab qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov vaj tse thiab toj roob hauv pes keeb kwm yav dhau, cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws.
Nyob hauv cov cim qub ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntsuab-xiav tau siv dav, uas tau ua tiav zoo heev ntawm huab cua ib puag ncig los ntawm lub teeb saum toj mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj mus rau kab dung.
Nyob rau hauv cov qauv xim, liab tau dhau los ua xim tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ntawm nwsxim thiab saturation. Cov xim txawv teb kim kim (cov kua roj vanish-paints raws li sandalwood, cochineal thiab mahogany) tau siv rau hauv cov cim ntawm huab tais tus tswv kom ci ntsa iab thiab purity.
Zoo masters of icon painting
Txawm hais tias txhua yam qiv nyiaj los ntawm Western European kos duab, Moscow icon painting ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tseem tseem nyob rau hauv lub rut ntawm tsoos icon painting. Kub thiab nyiaj ua lub teeb los saum ntuj los.
Nrog rau qhov pom tau zoo ntawm cov qauv, cov duab kos duab ntawm Armory tau muab faib ua ob lub chaw pw hav zoov: qee qhov nyiam monumentality thiab nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab (Georgy Zinoviev, Simon Ushakov, Tikhon Filatiev), thaum lwm tus ua raws li "Stroganov. " kev taw qhia nrog ib tsab ntawv me me zoo nkauj nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus (Sergey Rozhkov, Nikita Pavlovets, Semyon Spiridonov Kholmogorets).
Hloov pauv hauv qhov pom kev ntawm lub cim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th feem ntau yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev tawg ntawm pawg neeg hauv nruab nrab ntawm haiv neeg. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau hais tseg, uas ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias hauv Yexus Khetos, Tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Tshaj Lij thiab cov neeg ntseeg lawv tau pib nrhiav tus yam ntxwv. Qhov kev ntshaw no yog kev xav ua kom lub ntsej muag dawb huv ua "zoo li lub neej" li sai tau. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg yog kev nkag siab nrog kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, kev txom nyem ntawm Tswv Yexus saum Ntoo Khaublig. Passionate icons tau nthuav dav. Ntawm lub iconostases ib tug tuaj yeem pom tag nrho kab mob siab rau cov xwm txheej quaj ntsuag ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej. Nws tau lees paub cov cai tshiab no rau lub tsev teev ntuj icon painting hauv nws cov lus rauSimon Ushakov Joseph Vladimirov.
Kev faib tawm ntawm pej xeem iconography
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, qhov xav tau rau cov cim tau nce. Kev lag luam Lavxias maj mam tsim. Qhov no tso cai rau kev tsim cov tsev teev ntuj tshiab hauv cov nroog thiab cov zos, thiab muab sijhawm rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb los pauv cov duab dawb huv rau lawv cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, cov duab kos duab tau txais lub cim ntawm pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua hauv cov zos Suzdal. Thiab, txiav txim los ntawm cov cim tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntawv sau, thiab txhua yam tau txo qis yuav luag rau cov duab kos duab. Suzdal icons, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub icon painting txheej txheem, yog ib tug yooj yim version, txawm li cas los, undoubtedly, lawv muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb tsim nyog thiab artistic expressiveness.
Tus neeg pleev kob muaj koob muaj npe Iosif Vladimirov ua tim khawv tias nyob rau xyoo pua 17th muaj cov cim zoo li no tsis yog hauv tsev xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv pawg ntseeg. Raws li tus kws tshaj lij hauv nws daim teb, nws tau thuam cov duab tsis zoo.
Kev tsis sib haum
Qhov no ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov neeg saib xyuas, lawv tau sim kho qhov xwm txheej nrog kev txwv tsis pub.
Tom qab ib tsab ntawv sau hnub tim 1668, uas tau kos npe los ntawm Patriarchs Paisios ntawm Alexandria, Macarius ntawm Antioch thiab Iosaph ntawm Moscow. Xa mus rau St. Gregory theologian, lawv tau txiav txim siab faib cov neeg pleev kob rau hauv 6 qib los ntawm cov neeg txawj pleev xim rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Thiab tsuas yog cov neeg pleev kob uas tsim nyog tau tso cai pleev xim rau cov cim.
Nyob rau hauv huab tais txoj cai ntawm Alexei Mikhailovich ntawm 1669Nws tau hais tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub "qhov loj me ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab cov khoom sib xyaw". Cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis yog kws tshaj lij cuam tshuam cov cim nrog lub ntsej muag thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov duab.
Tab sis tseem, qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem icons ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog suav tias yog tsis ntau npaum li lawv ineptness, raws li cov ntawv nyob rau hauv lub qub neeg ntseeg kos npe rau ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig (ob-ntiv tes), tus npis sov koob hmoov thiab tus sau lub npe ntawm tus Cawm Seej Yexus nrog ib tsab ntawv "thiab".
Icons ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Photo
Ib tus duab nto moo - Nicholas tus Wonderworker. Lub cim qub no tau pleev xim los ntawm cov duab puab uas paub zoo txog cov neeg dawb huv nrog rab ntaj hauv nws txhais tes. Xyoo 1993-1995, cov duab tau rov qab los thiab cov txheej txheem qis ntawm cov xim tau qhib. Niaj hnub no, lub cim ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th ntawm St. Nicholas tus Wonderworker tau khaws cia hauv Mozhaisk hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Cawm Dim ntawm Vaj Ntsujplig.
Lwm lub cim - "Tus Cawm Seej Tsis Ua Los Ntawm Tes" tau pleev xim rau xyoo 1658 los ntawm Simon Ushakov, uas tam sim ntawd pib raug thuam rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm Tswv Yexus. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab cov duab no tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Russia. Tam sim no lub cim no tau khaws cia hauv Moscow Tretyakov Gallery.
Icons of the Mother of God of the 17th century
Nov yog cov duab ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab icon. Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntsig txog cov cim ntawm 16th-17th centuries yog Pochaev Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Nws yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm 1559, thaum noblewoman Goyskaya Anna muab cov txuj ci tseem ceeb no rau cov hauj sam ntawm lub Assumption Pochaev Lavra, uas tau cawm lub dawb huv qhov chaw ntawm lub Turkish ntxeem tau rau lub Xya hli ntuj 20-23, 1675. Lub cim no tseem nyob hauvPochaev Monastery hauv Ukraine.
Kazan icon ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th - qhov kev hwm tshaj plaws los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox Church.
Patriarch Germogen nws tus kheej, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus thawj coj ntawm Gostinodvorskaya Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Kazan, Yermolai tau sau tias tom qab hluav taws kub hauv Kazan xyoo 1579, uas tau hlawv ntau lub nroog, kaum-xyoo-laus nkauj muam Matrona. Nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim hauv npau suav rau Leej Niam ntawm nws tus kheej thiab hais kom nws khawb lub cim ntawm cov tshauv.
Matrona yeej pom lub cim hauv qhov chaw qhia. Qhov no tshwm sim rau lub Xya hli ntuj 8, 1579. Tam sim no txhua txhua xyoo hnub no yog ua kev zoo siab raws li lub tsev teev ntuj hnub caiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Church. Tom qab ntawd, Niam ntawm Vajtswv lub Monastery tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw no, thiab Matrona, uas tau txais lub npe monastic Mavra, tau los ua thawj tus txiv plig.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Kazan Icon tias Pozharsky muaj peev xwm tshem tawm Cov Ncej ntawm Moscow. Ntawm peb qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, tsuas yog ib qho tau khaws cia hauv peb lub sijhawm, thiab nws tau khaws cia hauv St. Petersburg, hauv Kazan Cathedral.
