Icon - yog dab tsi? Ancient icons thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus. Dab tsi yog nominal icons?

2024 Tus sau: Miguel Ramacey | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 06:20

Lub cim yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Txhais los ntawm Greek, lo lus no txhais tau tias "duab". Feem ntau cov cim qhia txog ntau tus neeg ntseeg, Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv, Yexus Khetos, lossis kev ua uas tau tshwm sim thaum ub thiab tau piav qhia hauv Vajluskub.

Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog cov cim, lawv tus nqi ntawm sab ntsuj plig

Lub ntsej muag uas tshwm rau ntawm lub cim tsis yog tus Tswv Vajtswv. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsuas yog los qhia rau tus neeg thov Vajtswv txog Vajtswv. Yog li ntawd, lawv sau rau ntawm lub cim tsis yog lub ntsej muag, tab sis lub ntsej muag. Tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv nws yog lub qhov muag, uas qhia txog qhov tob ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb yog ob txhais tes, gestures uas muaj lub ntsiab lus.

Tus so ntawm daim duab yog airy heev, vim nws yog tsim los qhia lub zog sab hauv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm.

Nyob rau ib lub sijhawm, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntseeg tau los ua neeg nyiam. Thiab tam sim no nws zoo li - ib daim duab thiab ib lub cim ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus, tib neeg dawb huv tau piav qhia rau nws, piv txwv li. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj canvas muaj sab ntsuj plig, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub thib ob nws tsis yog. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub icon painting yuav tsum tau ua raws li ntev-sau canons, uas tsis suav cov ntsiab lus random. Txhua daim muaj ib yamsemantic thiab sab ntsuj plig load.

Icon ntawm keeb kwm

Lub cim ntawm cov cim hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua AD Nws ntseeg tias thawj ntawm lawv tau tsim los ntawm Lukas, uas tau sau ib feem ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo. Raws li qhov thib ob version, daim duab qub tshaj plaws yog lub ntsej muag ntawm Yexus Khetos, thaum nws hnia daim phuam thaum ntxhua.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab qub tshaj plaws pom tau muaj hnub tim rau xyoo pua 6. Lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv Byzantine faj tim teb chaws, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev sau cov cim. Hauv nws, tab sis ntau tom qab, cov canons rau kev sau cov duab tau sau.

keeb kwm ntawm cov cim muaj lub sijhawm sib txawv. Muaj kev tsim txom, thiab kev vam meej, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sau ntawv. Txhua daim duab qhia txog nws lub sijhawm, txhua qhov tshwj xeeb. Muaj ntau lub cim exuding myrrh, kua muag, ntshav, kho cov neeg mob hauv lub sijhawm nyuaj. Lawv raug fwm ua thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws.

Yuav ua li cas icons

Ib lub cim yog lub cim tseem ceeb rau cov neeg ntseeg, yog li cov txheej txheem ntawm nws qhov kev tsim tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntev uas tau khaws cia rau hnub no. Tsim ib daim duab tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ceev, nws yuav siv sij hawm tsawg kawg peb lub hlis rau qhov no.

Tsim ib lub cim muaj qee cov kauj ruam uas ua raws li:

• Xaiv ntoo thiab ua lub rooj tsavxwm uas yuav yog lub hauv paus.
• Tom qab ntawd qhov chaw npaj. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom cov duab nyob twj ywm tsis hloov mus ntev. Rau qhov no, ob peb kauj ruam tau ua. Ua ntej, lawv ua serration, ces siv kua nplaum,tom qab - ib tug primer (levkas). Cov tom kawg yuav tsum tau siv ob peb zaug thiab tso cai kom qhuav zoo, ces sanded. Feem ntau, ua ntej ib txheej ntawm gesso, pavoloka lossis kab mob (ntaub tshwj xeeb) yog glued.
• kauj ruam tom ntej yog kos duab. Qhov no tsis yog qhov kawg duab - tsuas yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau nyem tawm nrog ib yam dab tsi ntse kom nws tsis txhob poob ntawm lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.
• Yog lub cim yuav gilded, ces nws yuav tsum tau siv tam sim no, nyob rau theem no.
• Tam sim no koj yuav tsum npaj cov xim. Txhawm rau pleev xim rau lub cim, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom ntuj tsim.
• Thawj xim yog siv rau hauv ib xim, ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau thiab kab.
• Tom qab ntawd los ntawm daim duab. Thawj zaug ua cov ntsiab lus dolitic (tuab paj nruag, khaub ncaws), tom qab ntawd lawv pleev xim rau tus kheej cov ntsiab lus (tes, taw, ntsej muag). Lawv kuj kos npe rau lub cim (uas yog piav qhia ntawm nws).
• Qhov kawg kov yog ziab roj lossis kua roj vanish.

Tom qab ntawd lub cim yuav tsum raug fij tseg.

Qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub ntsiab ntawm cov cim hauv lub tuam tsev

Txhua lub cim hauv lub tuam tsev muaj lawv lub ntsiab lus, lawv nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw. Lub iconostasis pom tam sim ntawd rau cov neeg nkag mus hauv pawg ntseeg. Qhov no yog ib tug ntoo phab ntsa uas nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tuam tsev thaj chaw. Ntawm no yog cov duab ntawm Khetos lub neej, piav qhia txog nws txoj kev txom nyem.

Koj yuav tsum paub tias txhua lub cim dai rau hauv nws qhov chaw vim yog vim li cas. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj ib txwm lub thiaj li hu ua Deesis kab, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau cov neeg ntseeg, martyrs. Hauv nws qhov chaw yog lub cim ntawm Tswv Yexus tus uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus. Saum toj no yog cov duab festive, suav nrog scenes los ntawm Phau Tshiab.

Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub iconostasis yogLub qhov rooj muaj koob muaj npe, tom qab uas yog lub thaj. Ntawm sab yog cov duab nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm Tswv Yexus thiab Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Kuj tseem muaj qib qis, uas muaj cov cim ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, nrog rau cov duab ntawm hnub so, uas muaj kev hwm ntau dua ntawm no.

Hais txog lub cim txhais li cas hauv pawg ntseeg, ib tus tuaj yeem nco txog lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev ua koob tsheej, hauv kev nco txog tus Tswv ntawm cov ntseeg. Qee tus muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ua tus kho mob, ua kom tiav lub ntiaj teb kev ntshaw. Lawv kuj tau hais ua tsaug rau lawv txoj kev pab.

Nws ntseeg tias cov cim hauv pawg ntseeg yog cov neeg nruab nrab. Cov neeg ntseeg paub tias yog ua qhov kev thov tiag tiag rau cov ntseeg uas tau piav qhia rau lawv, ib tus tuaj yeem xav tau kev pab.

Ib qho qub thiab qub tshaj plaws

Nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov dluab revered uas tau tuaj rau peb txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Lawv yog qhov sib txuas ntawm lub sijhawm thaum cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv phau Vajlugkub tau tshwm sim thiab peb li. Cov cim qub qub no feem ntau khaws cia hauv tsev cia puav pheej, tab sis lawv feem ntau tau sau dua tshiab rau lwm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Piv txwv li, lub cim qub tshaj plaws ntawm John the Baptist, uas rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 6, tau khaws cia hauv Kiev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Western thiab Oriental Art. Nws tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - encaustics. Nws yog nws uas tau siv los pleev xim rau cov cim qub hauv Byzantium.

Tsis tas li, ib qho ntawm cov duab qub tshaj plaws uas muaj sia nyob yog cov duab ntawm cov Thwj Tim Petus thiab Povlauj. Hnub ntawm nws creation yog lub xyoo pua 11th. Tam sim no nws tau muab cia rau hauv Novgorod Tsev khaws puav pheej. Nws tsis tau khaws cia tag nrho: txhais tes, ntsej muag thiab taw tsis tau khaws cov xim qub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov contours tau hloov kho thaum lub sijhawm kho dua.

Tam sim noLub icon ntawm St. George, uas yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow, ntseeg hais tias mus rau hnub tim los ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Kev khaws cia ntawm no yog qhov zoo.

Ancient icons yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb keeb kwm, sau cov txheej txheem. Kev kawm ntawm cov cim qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv twg yog siv los tsim lawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsawg kawg ntawm cov duab thawj zaug tau muaj sia nyob, vim muaj lub sijhawm ntawm lawv qhov kev puas tsuaj loj.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tus sau tsis tshua muaj qhab nia thaum lub sijhawm. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov duab tseem tseem ceeb hauv kev kos duab icon.

Inscribed icons

Nov yog ib pawg ntawm cov duab nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Feem ntau cov cim ntawm tus kheej yog muas ntawm kev cai raus dej, ces lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia thoob plaws lub neej. Nws yuav zoo dua yog tias koj dai daim duab saum tus me nyuam lub txaj kom tiv thaiv nws kom tsis txhob raug mob.

Koj yuav tsum paub tias cov cim npe yog cov uas piav txog tus neeg dawb huv uas nws hwm tus neeg ua kev cai raus dej. Feem ntau cov duab zoo li no tau xaiv los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus menyuam. Yog tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, ces ib tug yuav tsum coj ib tug uas haum tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd, tus me nyuam thiaj li muaj lub ntuj ceeb tsheej.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, xws li icons raug txiav txim tshwj xeeb rau yug los yog kev cai raus dej ntawm ib tug me nyuam. Lawv raug hu ua ntsuas thiab tau ua raws li tus me nyuam.

Nominal icons tsis yog tib qho uas siv rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Tseem muaj:

• kab tshoob icons - siv thaum lub sijhawm ua koob tsheej hauv pawg ntseeg;
• tsev neeg - lawv tuaj yeem piav txog cov neeg ntseeg, npeuas sib raug rau cov neeg hauv tsev neeg, feem ntau lawv dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam;
• cov uas yuav tsum nyob hauv tsev iconostasis;
• icons ntawm tsev neeg hwm cov ntseeg.

Ntawm no yog lub cim ntawm Vajtswv Leej Niam

Tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev kos duab rau tus poj niam duab, uas yog rau Leej Niam. Nws cov cim tau hwm los ntawm cov ntseeg, feem ntau muaj lub hwj chim ua txuj ci tseem ceeb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws lub ntsiab lus. Ib qho icons (muaj ib daim duab hauv kab lus) yog qhov qub.

• Kazan Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Nws tau pom thaum Lub Xya Hli 8, 1579 ntawm cov tshauv ntawm lub tsev hlawv hauv Kazan. Lub cim no suav tias yog kho.
• Iberian Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Thawj thawj zaug, nws tau paub ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, thaum muaj ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim, thiab cov ntshav ntws tawm ntawm nws. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau pom ntawm Athos 200 xyoo tom qab. Kev thov Vajtswv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub icon no pab thaum muaj xwm txheej nyuaj, kho los yog ua kom av fertility.
• Tikhvin Icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias Evangelist Lukas sau nws. Tam sim no khaws cia nyob rau hauv Russia, lub cim no yog heev revered ntawm cov niam. Nws pab thov Vajtswv rau cov me nyuam, rau lawv kho. Cov poj niam uas xav los ua niam kuj thov Vajtswv rau nws.
• Vladimir Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv. Ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws, hnub rov qab mus rau ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Niaj hnub no nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery. Lawv thov Vajtswv rau lub cim no thaum muaj kev tsov rog, kom muaj kev ntseeg ntxiv. Nws kuj pab thaum muaj mob (ob leeg hlwb thiab lub cev). Nws ntseeg tau tias lub cim no yog tus saib xyuas lub tsev thiab tus tiv thaiv hauvworldly affairs.

Tseem muaj lwm yam duab ntawm tus Niam Tsev uas thov Vajtswv rau. Txhua lub cim yog kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab kev pab ntawm cov duab poj niam no hauv cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Icon ntawm Nicholas lub Wonderworker

Nicholas tus Wonderworker tsis muaj tsawg revered neeg dawb huv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no Christian. Lawv tig mus rau nws ntawm ntau yam teeb meem - los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm lub cev mus rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib cav thiab kev ua phem. Nws nyob hauv III-IV centuries thiab twb thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej ua nto moo rau tej hauj lwm zoo. Muaj ntau lub cim ntawm nws, cov duab uas qhia txog nws sab ntsuj plig.

Daim duab qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg ntseeg hnub rov qab rau xyoo pua 11th thiab nyob rau ntawm Mount Sinai, hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Catherine.

Hnub no, nyob rau hauv ntau lub tuam tsev thiab cov tuam tsev muaj cov duab ntawm nws, uas muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Icons ntawm Tswv Yexus Khetos

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov duab ntawm Yexus Khetos yog nws lub cim rau ntawm daim phuam, uas tau tshwm sim muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb. Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nws tau txais lub npe ntawm tus Cawm Seej Tsis Ua Los Ntawm Tes.

Yog peb tham txog Yexus Khetos lub cim, muaj ntau ntau. Tseem muaj ntau hom kev sau nws cov duab.

• Tus Cawm Seej yog lub ntsej muag nruj, nws sau tsis txawv ntawm lub canon.
• Tus Cawm Seej uas Muaj Hwj Chim Loj Kawg Nkaus - ntseeg tias qhov no yog nws lub ntsiab lus, uas kuj yog raws li nws lub hnub nyoog tshaj tawm.
• Tus Cawm Seej Tsis Ua Los Ntawm Tes. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ob hom - "Spas on the slab" thiab "Spas on the skull".

Vajtswv Leej Tub daim duab tam sim no muaj qee qhov yuav tsum tau uacov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog ib tug halo, ib phau ntawv, outerwear, clav, tunic. Yuav tsum muaj ib daim ntawv sau.

Nws cov cim thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus muaj xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv kev ntseeg.

Icons ntawm Sergius ntawm Radonezh

Sergius ntawm Radonezh yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Thaum nws lub neej nws tau ua ntau yam haujlwm los ntawm Khetos lub npe. Nws cov lus tau sib haum xeeb thiab sib haum xeeb.

Ntawm lub cim, Sergius ntawm Radonezh tau piav qhia tias nruj, nrog nws sab tes xis tsa hauv koob hmoov. Nyob rau sab laug, nws tuav ib tug scroll ua lub cim ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws lub cim thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb heev rau cov ntseeg. Lawv thov Vajtswv rau cov neeg dawb huv no tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab rau lub tebchaws. Nws kuj tseem pab rau kev kawm, ua ntej kev xeem, lossis tsuas yog lub sijhawm nyuaj rau kev nkag siab qee yam.

Myrrh-streaming thiab txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim

Lub myrrh-streaming icon yog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb uas tsis tshwm sim ntau zaus. Nws ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog ceeb toom txog ib yam dab tsi. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev thov Vajtswv ntev thiab ntev.

Nws ntseeg tias cov kua uas lub cim tso tawm tam sim no kho tau zoo. Yog koj pleev tshuaj rau tus neeg mob, ces nws tus mob yuav ploj mus.

Npauj npaim-kwv yees kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus Tswv rau cov neeg ntseeg. Nov yog nws cov lus rau lawv.

Icon nqi

Nyob hauv txhua lub tsev teev ntuj khw koj tuaj yeem yuav cov cim. Lawv cov nqi yuav txawv. Qhov kim tshaj plaws, ntawm chav kawm, yog cov duab qub uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau khaws cia hauv tsev cia puav pheej lossis cov tuam tsev. Cov cim zoo li no feem ntau tsis muag, tsuas yog ntsuas. Piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm cov Thwj Tim Petus, Povlauj, Yauhas,Lub stamp hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 16th. Lawv raug nqi ntawm 150 txhiab euros.

Tsis tas li, tus nqi ntawm lub cim yuav nyob ntawm nws tus qauv tsim. Tom qab tag nrho, txawm tias cov duab pleev xim rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, tab sis dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom kim (kub, nyiaj, pob zeb zoo nkauj), yuav tsis raug muag pheej yig. Lawv cov nqi tuaj yeem pib los ntawm 2500 rubles. Tus nqi yuav nyob ntawm cov khoom siv.

Yog tias koj xav tau cov cim pheej yig, ces muaj cov qauv yooj yim kiag li. Lawv tuaj yeem yuav ntawm cov khw muag khoom ze ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov duab zoo sib xws tuaj yeem yuav ntawm tus nqi ntawm 100 rubles lossis ntau dua.

Cov cim tsis tshua muaj tuaj yeem yuav ntawm lub khw muag khoom qub lossis ntawm kev muag khoom ntiag tug. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate cov cim thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb, vim rau cov ntseeg lawv yeej muaj nqis tiag tiag.