Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama. Hindu deities

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Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama. Hindu deities
Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama. Hindu deities

Video: Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama. Hindu deities

Video: Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, Yama. Hindu deities
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Anonim

Nyob hauv Indian pantheon, cov vajtswv tau fwm zoo li Murti. Cov tsiaj no yog ob qho tib si ntawm Supreme Brahman, avatars ntawm Supreme Being, los yog tseem ceeb heev tsiaj hu ua Devas. Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus hais hauv ntau yam kev cai Hindu kuj suav nrog Ishvara, Ishwari, Bhagavan thiab Bhagavati.

keeb kwm keeb kwm

Hindu deities hloov zuj zus los ntawm Vedic era (millennium thib ob BC) mus rau medieval era (thawj txhiab xyoo AD). Nyob rau hauv lub regional theem - nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, Nepal thiab Southeast Asia. Qhov tseeb ntawm kev ntseeg txog txhua tus vajtswv nws txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv Hindu denominations thiab philosophies. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj 330,000 yam supernatural beings nyob rau hauv ntau yam kab lig kev cai.

Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Kama thiab Cupid, Vishvakarma thiab Vulcan, Indra thiab Zeus ua rau ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab nrawm uas cov vajtswv ntawm Indian mythology zoo ib yam li Greek celestials. Tab sis Greek mythology yog txawv kiag li ntawm Hindu mythology. Nws qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg Greek uas ntseeg hauv polytheism.

Indian Vajtswv Vishnu
Indian Vajtswv Vishnu

Images

Feem ntau cov Indian pantheon ntawm vajtswv yog piav qhia hauv tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv, ua tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb thiab nyuaj iconography hauv txhua kis. Cov duab ntawm cov dab loj xws li Parvati, Vishnu, Sri (Lakshmi), Shiva, Sati, Brahma thiab Saraswati. Lawv muaj tus cwj pwm txawv thiab tsis yooj yim, tab sis feem ntau pom raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib qhov Kev Ntseeg Siab Tshaj Plaws hu ua Brahman.

kev lig kev cai

Txij thaum ub los, lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib npaug tau cherished los ntawm tag nrho cov Hindus. Hauv cov ntawv thiab cov duab puab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:

  • Harihara (ib nrab Shiva, ib nrab Vishnu).
  • Ardhanarishvara (ib nrab Shiva, ib nrab Parvati).

Nkauj ntseeg hais tias lawv yog tib yam. Cov vajtswv ntawm Indian pantheon tau tshoov siab rau lawv tus kheej kev coj noj coj ua: Vaishnavism, Shaivism thiab Shaktism. Lawv koom ua ke los ntawm ib qho kev mythology, kab lis kev cai ritual, theosophy, axiology thiab polycentrism.

Indian Vajtswv Brahma
Indian Vajtswv Brahma

In India thiab dhau mus

Ib txhia Hindu kab lig kev cai, xws li thaum ub Charvakas, tsis kam lees tag nrho cov deities thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm Vajtswv los yog vajtswv poj niam. Thaum lub sij hawm British colonial era ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kev cai dab qhuas xws li Arya Samaj thiab Brahma Samaj tsis lees paub lub ntuj ceeb tsheej thiab tau txais cov ntsiab lus monotheistic zoo ib yam li kev ntseeg Abrahamic. Hindu deities tau txais los ntawm lwm yam kev ntseeg (Jainism). Thiab tseem nyob rau thaj tsam dhau ntawm nws ciam teb, xws li Thaib Thaib thiab Nyij Pooj. Hauv cov tebchaws no, cov vajtswv Indian txuas ntxiv mus pe hawm hauv cov tuam tsev hauv cheeb tsam lossis kos duab.

Lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug neeg

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv qub thiab medieval ntawm Hinduism, tib neeg lub cev tau piav qhia tias yog lub tuam tsev, thiab deities ua qhov chaw hauv nws. Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva yog piav raws li Atman (tus ntsuj plig), uas Hindus xav tias nyob mus ib txhis hauv txhua tus neeg nyob. Deities nyob rau hauv Hinduism muaj ntau haiv neeg raws li nws cov kev cai. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm xaiv tau los ua ib tug polytheist, pantheist, ib tug monotheist, ib tug monist, ib tug agnostoist, atheist, los yog ib tug humanist.

Indian vajtswv Indra
Indian vajtswv Indra

Dev thiab Devi

Vaj tswv ntawm Indian pantheon muaj ib tug txiv neej (Dev) thiab ib tug poj niam (Devi) pib. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntsiab lus no txhais tau tias "saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, divine, transcendent". Lub ntsiab lus etymological yog "shining".

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv Vedic thaum ub, tag nrho cov supernatural beings hu ua asuras. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm no, cov neeg siab dawb siab zoo hu ua Deva-asuras. Hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm-Vedic xws li Puranas thiab Itihasas ntawm Hinduism, Devas yog qhov zoo thiab Asuras yog qhov phem. Nyob rau hauv medieval Indian cov ntaub ntawv, Vajtswv yog hu ua Suras.

Brahma

Brahma yog Hindu vajtswv tsim los ntawm Trimurti. Nws tus huab tais yog Saraswati, tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev paub. Raws li Puranas, Brahma yog tus kheej-yug paj paj. Nws loj hlob los ntawm lub dab teg ntawm Vishnu thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lwm zaj dab neeg hais tias Brahma yug hauv dej. Nyob rau hauv nws nws tso cov noob, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub golden qe. Yog li yug tus creator, Hiranyagarbha. Tus so ntawm lub qe golden nthuav mus rau Brahmanda lossis lub Ntiaj Teb.

Brahma yog ib txwm muaj duab nrog plaub hau,plaub lub ntsej muag thiab plaub caj npab. Nrog txhua lub taub hau nws tas li recites ib qho ntawm plaub Vedas. Nws feem ntau piav qhia nrog lub hwj txwv dawb, qhia txog qhov yuav luag nyob mus ib txhis ntawm nws lub neej. Tsis zoo li lwm tus vajtswv, Brahma tsis muaj riam phom.

Indian vajtswv Shiva
Indian vajtswv Shiva

Siva

Shiva suav tias yog tus vajtswv tshaj plaws hauv Shaivism, ib pawg ntawm Hinduism. Ntau tus Hindus, xws li cov thwjtim ntawm Smarta kev lig kev cai, muaj kev ywj pheej los txais ntau yam kev tshwm sim ntawm Vajtswv. Shaivism, nrog rau Vaishnava kab lig kev cai uas tsom rau Vishnu thiab Sakta kab lig kev cai uas pe hawm Devi, yog peb txoj kev ntseeg uas muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws.

Kev pe hawm ntawm Shiva yog ib qho kev lig kev cai yias-Hindu. Shiva yog ib qho ntawm tsib yam tseem ceeb ntawm Divine hauv Smartism, uas muab qhov tshwj xeeb rau tsib deities. Lwm plaub yog Vishnu, Devi, Ganesha thiab Surya. Lwm txoj kev xav txog kev ntseeg Vajtswv hauv Hinduism yog Trimurti (Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva). Tus thawj personifies tus creator, tus thib ob - tus neeg zov, tus thib peb - tus destroyer los yog transformer.

Shiva nrog nws tus poj niam Parvati
Shiva nrog nws tus poj niam Parvati

Tus cwj pwm ntawm Shiva

Vajtswv feem ntau yog piav nrog cov cwj pwm hauv qab no:

  • Qhov thib peb uas nws hlawv lub siab xav (Kama) rau tshauv.
  • Garland nrog nab.
  • Crescent hli ntawm hnub thib tsib (panchami). Nws yog muab tso rau ze ntawm lub qhov muag thib peb fiery thiab qhia lub hwj chim ntawm soma, kev txi. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias Shiva muaj lub zog ntawm kev yug me nyuam nrog rau lub zog ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Lub hli kuj yog qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog li, Shiva hu ua Somasundara thiab Chandrashekara.
  • Tus dej dawb huv Ganges ntws los ntawm nws cov plaub hau tangled. Shiva coj cov dej huv rau cov neeg. Ganga kuj qhia txog kev muaj menyuam yog ib yam ntawm Vajtswv muaj tswv yim.
  • Lub nruas me me hu ua "damaru". Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov cwj pwm ntawm Shiva hauv nws lub npe nrov Nataraja seev cev. Txhawm rau tuav nws, siv tes taw tshwj xeeb (mudra), hu ua damaru-hasta, yog siv.
  • Vibhuti - peb kab tshauv kos rau ntawm lub hauv pliaj. Lawv sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus uas tseem tshuav tom qab tag nrho Mal (impurity, ignorance, ego) thiab Vasan (sympathy, dislike, attachment to one's body, worldly fame and pleasures). Vibhuti yog revered li ib daim ntawv ntawm Shiva thiab txhais tau hais tias lub immortality ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm tus Tswv.
  • Tshuaj ntsuab. Shiva xau nws lub cev nrog nws. Nov yog ib qho kev lig kev cai ntawm cremation asceticism.
  • Tsov, ntxhw thiab mos lwj tawv.
  • Tus trident yog Shiva lub riam phom tshwj xeeb.
  • Nandi, tus Bull, yog nws Vahana (Sanskrit rau chariot).
  • Lingam. Shiva feem ntau pe hawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no. Mount Kailash nyob rau hauv lub Himalayas yog nws ib txwm nyob.
  • Shiva feem ntau piav qhia tob hauv kev xav. Nws raug hais kom tshem tawm Kama (kev ntshaw kev sib deev), Moha (khoom siab) thiab Maya (kev xav hauv ntiaj teb) los ntawm lub siab ntawm nws cov devotees.
Indian vajtswv Ganesha
Indian vajtswv Ganesha

Vajtswv txoj kev vam meej

Tus vajtswv Indian Ganesha yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws thiab hlub tsis tau tsuas yog hauv Hinduism, tab sis kuj nyob rau lwm haiv neeg. Tus Tswv ntawm hmoov zoo, Nws pub kev vam meej thiab kev vam meej rau txhua tus. Ganesha yog tus tshem tawm ntawm txhua yam ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab khoom obstacles. Nws kuj tsoobstacles nyob rau hauv lub neej txoj kev ntawm cov ntawm lawv tej yam uas yuav tsum tau kuaj.

Vim tias muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo no, nws cov duab nyob txhua qhov chaw, ntau hom, thiab nws raug hu los pab hauv txhua txoj haujlwm. Ganesha yog cov neeg dawb huv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, kos duab thiab kev tshawb fawb. Devotees paub tseeb tias nws yuav muab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev nyuaj siab, kev vam meej thiab kev vam meej. Lub luag haujlwm tsis tshua paub txog Ganesha yog tus rhuav tshem ntawm kev khav theeb, kev khav theeb thiab kev qia dub.

Cov khoom siv ntawm Ganesha tau hloov zuj zus mus ntau pua xyoo. Nws yog qhov nrov suav tias yog tus tub ntawm Shiva thiab Parvati, txawm hais tias Puranas tsis pom zoo rau nws yug. Nws thawj daim ntawv yog ib tug ntxhw yooj yim. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws hloov mus ua ib tug neeg nrog ib tug puag ncig lub plab thiab ib tug ntxhw taub hau. Nws feem ntau yog piav qhia nrog plaub caj npab, txawm hais tias lawv tus lej tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ob mus rau kaum rau. Txhua yam ntawm Ganesha muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Lawv suav nrog:

  • kawg tusk;
  • dej lily;
  • mace;
  • disk;
  • khoom qab zib;
  • rosary;
  • musical instrument;
  • cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis hmuv.

Vajtswv ntawm xob quaj thiab cua daj cua dub

Nyob rau hauv Hindu creation dab neeg, tus vaj tswv Indra yug los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus Vajtswv primordial los yog loj Purusha. Nws zaum ntawm ib lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv lub thunderclouds ntawm Svarga, los yog peb lub ntuj ceeb tsheej, thiab yog tus kav ntawm huab thiab ntuj ceeb tsheej nrog rau nws tus poj niam Indrani. Nyob rau hauv Indian mythology, huab yog sib npaug nrog los saum ntuj los nyuj, thiab lub suab ntawm xob quaj thaum cua daj cua dub yog Indra tawm tsam cov dab uas mus ib txhis sim nyiag cov nyuj saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Nag yog sib npaug nrog Vajtswv milking nwspab tsiaj. Indra puag thiab tswj lub ntug, ntsuas lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv xib-teg ntawm nws txhais tes thiab manipulating nws raws li nws whim. Nws tsim tej hav dej thiab tej kwj deg, ua tej roob thiab tej hav nrog nws tus pas dawb huv.

Indian Vajtswv Hanuman
Indian Vajtswv Hanuman

Nkauj ntseeg Vajtswv

Hanuman tus vajtswv Indian muaj zog, muaj zog, muaj ntau yam txuj ci thiab muaj peev xwm. Nws tsuas muaj ib qho kev xav xwb - ua hauj lwm rau Tswv Rama nrog kev txo hwj chim thiab kev mob siab rau. Zoo li ntau Indian vajtswv, Hanuman muaj ntau lub hauv paus. Ib tug ntawm lawv hais tias tus liab vajtswv yog Shiva thiab Parvati tus tub.

Vim nws lub siab tawv, kev ua siab ntev, lub zog thiab kev mob siab rau, Hanuman suav tias yog lub cim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsis qia dub thiab kev ncaj ncees. Kev pe hawm nws pab ib tug neeg tawm tsam phem karma tsim los ntawm kev qia dub. Nws muab lub zog rau cov ntseeg hauv nws txoj kev sim siab thaum nws taug kev hauv lub neej. Hanuman kuj tau hu rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kev ua khawv koob. Kev tiv thaiv amulets bearing nws daim duab yog nrov heev ntawm devotees.

Indian vajtswv poj niam Lakshmi
Indian vajtswv poj niam Lakshmi

Lakshmi

Tus vajtswv Indian ntawm kev nplua nuj yog poj niam. Lakshmi yog tus huab tais thiab lub zog ntawm Vishnu. Nws muaj plaub caj npab uas qhia txog lub hom phiaj zoo hauv tib neeg lub neej:

  • Dharma;
  • Kama;
  • Artha;
  • Moksha.

Lakshmi yog tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev muaj hmoo, kev muaj nyiaj, kev zoo nkauj thiab hluas.

Indian epic Mahabharata piav qhia txog kev yug tus vajtswv poj niam. Muaj ib hnub dab thiab vajtswv agitated lub primevalMis dej hiav txwv. Brahma thiab Vishnu sim ua kom cov dej cua daj cua dub. Ces Lakshmi tshwm los ntawm dej hiav txwv. Nws hnav khaub ncaws dawb thiab radiated kev zoo nkauj thiab hluas. Nyob rau hauv cov duab, Lakshmi feem ntau sawv los yog zaum ntawm lub paj paj loj. Hauv nws txhais tes yog paj xiav lossis paj yeeb thiab lub lauj kaub dej. Ob txhais tes foom koob hmoov rau cov ntseeg thiab da dej rau lawv nrog npib kub. Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev dai kom zoo nkauj sculptures, Lakshmi yog depicted nrog nws tus txiv Vishnu.

Indian Vajtswv Yama
Indian Vajtswv Yama

Pib

Tus Vaj tswv Indian ntawm kev tuag Yama yog tus huab tais ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab tus txiav txim zaum kawg ntawm kev xaiv ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Nws tseem hu ua "kev tswj hwm", Pretaraja (Vajntxwv ntawm dab), Dharmaraja (Vajntxwv ntawm kev ncaj ncees). Los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm nws lub luag haujlwm los txiav txim siab kom raug raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg kev ua, Vajtswv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cuam tshuam nrog kev cai lij choj.

Yama is the son of Vivasvata, the sun god. Nws niam yog Saranyu-Samjna (conscience). Nws tsis yog tus rau txim rau cov neeg txhaum, tsis zoo li cov vajtswv ntawm lub ntiajteb sab hauv thiab cov neeg tuag uas tau piav qhia hauv lwm haiv neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntseeg ntshai Yama. Ntshai yog tshwm sim los ntawm nws ob tug loj hounds. Cov no yog cov tsiaj uas txaus ntshai nrog ob lub qhov muag. Lawv raug hu kom saib xyuas txoj kev uas coj cov neeg tuag los cuag Vajtswv. Qee lub sij hawm dev coj tus ntsuj plig los yog ploj ntawm tib neeg ntiaj teb.

Hauv cov duab, Yama tshwm nrog daim tawv nqaij ntsuab lossis xiav, hnav lub tsho liab. Nws pab neeg yog ib tug nyuj (los yog ntxhw). Nyob rau hauv Yama txhais tes yog ib tug mace los yog wand ua los ntawm lub hnub, thiab ib lub suab uas qhia txog kev ntes ntawm ntsuj plig.

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