Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej zoo nkauj ntawm Yauza yog Andronikov Monastery thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws belongs rau lub ntsiab thaj neeb thiab suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm feem ancient vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub capital. Saum toj no thaj chaw ntawm lub monastery nce, qhuas nrog nws exquisite architectural ntaub ntawv, lub tuam tsev qub tshaj plaws - lub Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej. Chaw nyob ntawm Andronikov Monastery: Moscow, Andronevskaya Square, 10.
Andronikov Monastery
Xyoo 1357, ntawm sab laug ntawm Yauza, Lub Nroog Alexy tau tsim tsa tus txiv neej Andronikov Monastery. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm thawj abbot Andronicus, uas yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Sergius ntawm Radonezh nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, lub Spassky Cathedral tau tsa nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub monastery, thawj ntoo, thiab nyob rau hauv 1427 - dawb pob zeb.
Hauv Moscow, hauv Andronikov Monastery, nws tau siv nws lub xyoo dhau los thiab tus neeg pleev kob zoo nkauj Andrei Rublev tau faus ntawm no. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm Moscow Kremlin, cib tsim nyob rau hauv lub monastery kev sib hais haum.
Los ntawm 14th mus rau 18th caug xyoo, lub tsev teev ntuj tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev suav pej xeemphau ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm St. Maximus Greek tau khaws cia rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, kev sau cov ntawv sau tau ploj thaum lub sijhawm hluav taws kub txaus ntshai uas ua rau lub tuam tsev nyob hauv 1748 thiab 1812. Tau los ua qhov chaw raug kaw ntawm lub ntsiab ideologue ntawm schismatics - Archpriest Avvakum Andronikov Monastery nyob rau hauv Moscow (1653).
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, muaj tsev kho mob thiab tsev kawm kev cai dab qhuas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub tuam tsev.
Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm
Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig (1917), lub tsev teev ntuj raug kaw, thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd ib lub chaw Cheka thawj zaug rau cov neeg raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj tau teeb tsa ntawm nws thaj chaw. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ntseeg (los ntawm 1929 txog 1932), lub tsev teev ntuj tswb pej thuam, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, raug rhuav tshem nrog rau lub rooj vag tsev teev ntuj. Lub necropolis ntawm lub monastery, ib tug ntawm cov hiob nyob rau hauv Moscow, raug puas tsuaj. Cov neeg koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, Tsov Rog Qaum Teb, thiab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog ntawm 1812 raug faus rau ntawd.
Xyoo 1947, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv Andronikov Monastery, lub tsev khaws puav pheej-Reserve ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab kos duab tau tsim, uas tau muaj npe tom qab Andrei Rublev. Xyoo 1993, archaeological excavations pib ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.
Cov khoom vaj khoom tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj suav nrog:
- Lub pob zeb dawb plaub-taw Spassky Cathedral nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm frescoes ua raws li kev coj ntawm Daniila Cherny thiab Andrei Rublev.
- Ib tug ncej refectory.
- Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Archangel Michael, ua nyob rau hauv Baroque style, uas yogrov qab los rau xyoo 1960.
- Lub ntxa ntawm Lopukhins.
- Towers and walls (XVII).
- Fraternal Corps (XVIII).
- Lub tsev ntawm lub tsev kawm kev cai dab qhuas (1814).
Kev piav qhia ntawm Cathedral
Raws li cov chaw muaj sia nyob, lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb ntawm Spaso-Andronikov Monastery nyob rau hauv Moscow tau tsim nyob rau hauv Abbot Alexander nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm 1410 txog 1427.
Cov qauv yog rau pawg ntawm cov tuam tsev dawb-pob zeb uas tau tsim tsa hauv thaj av Moscow thaum tig ntawm XIV-XV centuries. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Spassky Cathedral ntawm Anronikov Monastery nyob rau hauv Moscow txawv ntau ntawm nws cov tsev teev ntuj tam sim no - Assumption Cathedral hauv Zvenigorod (1400), Trinity Cathedral (1423), Nativity Cathedral (1430). Nws cov yam ntxwv tau cuam tshuam nrog lub zog muaj zog ntawm nws cov vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Balkan architecture.
Lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntev, lub tuam tsev raug hluav taws kub ntau. Thaum tsov rog nrog Napoleon (1812) nws tau plundered thiab raug kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv hluav taws: lub dome tsoo thiab lub iconostasis hlawv. Tab sis cov phab ntsa pob zeb muaj zog ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj muaj sia nyob.
Rebuilding and reconstruction
Spassky Cathedral ntawm Andronikov Monastery hauv Moscow tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev tsim kho. Lub vov tsev nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, sab aisles tau ntxiv rau lub tsev loj, thiab ib lub ru tsev hipped nyob rau saum. Vim yog cov kev hloov pauv no, lub monument thaum ub tau pib saib nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab nws qhov kev tsim kho rau lub sijhawm tom qab.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg kho B. A. Ognev thiab P. N. Maksimov tau tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv qub ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tau xyaum ua kom rov zoo los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev-restorers B. L. Altshuler, L. A. David, M. D. Tsiperovich thiab S. S. Podyapolsky. Ua tsaug rau lawv kev siv zog, Cathedral ntawm Spaso-Andronikov Monastery coj nws qhov chaw ncaj ncees hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture. Niaj hnub no, cov kev pabcuam ib txwm muaj nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj.
Tuam Tsev Architecture
Lub tsev teev ntuj yog ua los ntawm cov limestone ntom ntom, uas yog hewn nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab plaub niaj hnub nrog lub ntsej muag du, txog 40 centimeters siab. Nyob ib ncig ntawm Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, "Yauz limestone" raug khawb.
Lub Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej tau teem rau hauv qab daus - lub hauv paus pob zeb dawb. Los ntawm sab qaum teb, sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob, muaj cov qhov rooj nkag los ntawm kev pom portals thiab cov pob zeb dawb-pob zeb siab. “Cov duab ntawm tus Cawm Seej tsis yog ua los ntawm tes” tuaj yeem pom saum sab hnub poob nkag. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj ib lub thaj uas muaj peb lub thaj semicircular apses, lub hauv paus yog loj dua cov sab.
Lub facades ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau muab faib los ntawm cov ncej uas ua rau hauv cov phab ntsa thiab protrude los ntawm cov facades (pilasters). Lawv sib raug raws nraim rau lub girth arches thiab puab hniav ntawm sab hauv. Xws li ntsug faib ntxiv hais txog qhov siab ntawm cov qauv. Lub ntsiab ntim ntawm lub tuam tsev yog lub voos xwmfab me me, uas xaus nrog peb kab: qhov qis dua yog keeled zakomaras, qhov thib ob thiab thib peb yog kokoshniks. Lub tsev teev ntuj ua tiav los ntawm lub teeb nrig loj, uas yog crowned los ntawm ib tug maj mam sloping dome nrog tus ntoo khaub lig.
Cov kws tshaj lijxav txog lub Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej tus qauv ntawm Moscow thaum ntxov architecture. Thaum lub sij hawm no, cross-domed, ib-domed, plaub-taw pawg ntseeg nrog peb apses tau ua. Nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, ib tug ntoo khaub lig-domed qauv yog kom meej meej pom. Nyob rau sab saum toj, tus ntoo khaub lig pom meej meej, uas ua rau kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kab hla thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub qhov rooj.
Qhov peculiarity ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj pes tsawg leeg yog dynamism ntawm silhouette, aspiration upwards. Qhov no yog vim lub memorial xwm ntawm lub tsev: lub memorial lub tuam tsev yog mob siab rau cov heroic tub rog ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, uas tau faus nyob rau hauv lub Andronikov Monastery.
Sab hauv tsim
Lub teeb nkag mus hauv lub tsev teev ntuj los ntawm txhua sab, vim muaj qhov rais ntawm txhua phab ntsa. Uniform teeb pom kev zoo muab lub tsev ib co ntxim nyiam, bewitching saib. Fragments ntawm ancient painting tau khaws cia rau ntawm phab ntsa - cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab zoomorphic compositions. Nyob rau hauv lub ua koob tsheej ntawm lub 650th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub Andronikov Monastery, tshiab icons tshwm nyob rau hauv lub iconostasis ntawm lub cathedral. "St. Savva thiab Andronicus" nyob rau sab qaum teb phab ntsa. Lub cim "St. Ephraim thiab Alexander" yog suav hais tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb: nws qhia txog lub ntsej muag ntawm cov neeg dawb huv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.
Icon rhiav thiab hu nkauj tsev kawm ntawv
Hnub no, ntau tus neeg nyob hauv lub nroog paub qhov chaw nyob ntawm Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, lawv paub hais tias tsis yog tsuas yog Vajtswv cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub monastery. Muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm znamenny ancient Russia hu nkauj. Lub monastery tau ntev muaj ib tug hu nkauj, uasnquag tuaj mloog tus yawm Rachmaninoff.
Nyob rau xyoo 1990, yawg koob Alexy II tau foom koob hmoov rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nto moo hu nkauj hauv Spassky Cathedral. Thiab niaj hnub no tag nrho cov kev pab los saum ntuj los yog nrog los ntawm monophonic (unison) chant. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev cob qhia kos duab ntawm icon painting ua haujlwm hauv lub tuam tsev. Lub monastery muaj ib lub tsev tshaj tawm me me: cov phau ntawv teev ntuj tau luam tawm ntawm no qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lub tsev teev ntuj.
museum
Txij li xyoo 1960, Andrei Rublev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Ancient Russian Art thiab Culture tau ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Andronikov Monastery. Nws qhov kev nthuav tawm yog nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm Archangel Michael thiab nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub refectory. Nws npog ntau tshaj xya xyoo pua nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab artistic kab lis kev cai. Abbot lub tsev yog tshwj tseg rau lub exhibition hall.
Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau pib ua haujlwm rov qab rau xyoo 1947. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sij hawm, nws tau hloov mus rau hauv qhov chaw kho dua tshiab thiab dhau los ua qhov chaw khaws cia ntawm cov frescoes uas ploj lawm thiab cov cim uas tau coj tuaj ntawm no los ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj puas hauv peb lub tebchaws. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1960 yog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau lees paub. Niaj hnub no, nws cov khoom sau suav nrog ntau tshaj kaum txhiab cov khoom pov thawj: cov khoom qub Orthodox kev cai dab qhuas, cov cim los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm, cov ntawv sau tsis tshua muaj neeg ntseeg thiab Cov Ntawv Teev Npe Laus, thiab lwm yam tsis tshua muaj. Kev txaus siab ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog cov haujlwm ntawm Andrei Rublev, cov cim uas tau ua haujlwm los ntawm Ivan the Terrible.
monastery nyob qhov twg?
Ntau tus qhua ntawm lub peev txaus siab yuav ua li cas mus rau Andronikov Monastery. Nrhiav nws nyob rau hauv Moscowtsis nyuaj. Yuav kom tau mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob rau ntawm Andronevskaya Square, koj yuav tsum tau siv lub metro mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb "Ploshad Ilyicha".
Mus rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, ces tig sab laug, mus rau St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh thiab taug kev 600 meters dhau los ntawm "Kev zam txim" lub tsev teev ntuj mus rau Andronievskaya Square, qhov chaw uas lub tsev teev ntuj nyob.
