Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok yog ib lub tuam tsev plaub-ncej dawb-pob zeb nto moo, uas nyob hauv thaj av Moscow, hauv nroog Zvenigorod. Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib tug classic monument ntawm thaum ntxov Moscow architecture, tsim nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries. Lub ntsiab khoom vaj khoom tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yog lub murals ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th nyob rau hauv, ntseeg hais tias lawv cov sau ntawv yog Daniil Cherny thiab Andrey Rublev.
keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev
Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok tau tsim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Zvenigorod. Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, lub fortress yog hu ua ib lub zos, uas yog surrounded los ntawm ramparts nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sab; lub fortress muaj ib feem ciaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Cov neeg siv khoom rau kev tsim kho ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yuri Dmitrievich, uas tau ua tus Grand Duke ntawm Moscow los ntawm 1433 txog 1434. Lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm cov tswv los ntawm Moscow, uas tsis ntev ua ntej ua tiav kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nativity ntawm nkauj xwb,nyob rau Senya.
Lub belfry ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok tau tsim tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib lub tsev teev ntuj tau tshwm sim, ua rau kev hwm ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Martyr George. Tom qab lub hwj chim Soviet tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, lub tsev kev cai dab qhuas raug kaw, qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 30s. Nws tau qhib dua xyoo 1946. Txij li thaum lig 90s, nws tau raug suav hais tias yog lub tshav puam ntawm Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery.
Cathedral architecture
Keeb kwm ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok yog qhov txaus nyiam heev. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog thawj zaug ntawm plaub lub tsev teev ntuj dawb-pob zeb Moscow, uas tau khaws cia tag nrho rau niaj hnub no, txawm hais tias nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm XIV-XV centuries. Nrog rau lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm tus nkauj xwb ntawm lub Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, lub Cathedral ntawm tus duab ntawm tus Cawm Seej tsis ua los ntawm tes ntawm lub Spaso-Andronikov Monastery thiab lub Trinity Cathedral ntawm lub Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Cathedral ntawm Kev Ntseeg ntawm Blessed Virgin Mary hauv Zvenigorod yog qhov zoo sib xws rau cov tsev zoo sib xws hauv Moscow thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lawv tsuas yog tsom mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm architecture, uas tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau Vladimir-Suzdal tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm XIII xyoo pua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tuam tsev hauv Moscow tseem muaj ntau qhov sib txawv uas txawv ntawm cov qauv ua ntej Mongolian.
Ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok, uas tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas, yog tias lub tuam tsev txawv ntawm ntau lub tsev ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Mongolian. Nws yog ib tug me me ntoo khaub lig-domed nrog plaub ncej, crowned nrog ib tug dome. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawmnws muaj peb lub thaj apses, thiab lwm qhov peb lub facades muaj kev faib ntau dua rau hauv cov kab ntsug uas ua tiav zakomaras.
Txoj kev faib ntsug ntawm lub façade yog tsim los ntawm cov hniav, uas yog txuas nrog nyias ib nrab kab xaus nrog cov peev txheej. Raws nraim tib lub semi-kem cais lub thaj apses, thaum lawv cov phab ntsa yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub thinnest ntsug rods. Muaj ib lub dav triple ribbon ntawm floral ornament uas faib lub facades ntawm lub tuam tsev horizontally, nws organically hloov cov siv ntawm pre-Mongolian vaj tse.
Sab saum toj ntawm lub thaj apses ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok hauv Zvenigorod yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ob lub ribbon ua los ntawm cov pob zeb carvings, tib yam yog nyob rau ntawm lub nruas ntawm lub dome. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab strands ntawm lub facades, ib tug tuaj yeem pom arches framed ntawm txhua kab los ntawm kev pom portals. Lub qhov rais, uas yog Ameslikas elongated thiab nqaim vertically, tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no tsuas yog nyob rau sab ntawm lub facades, thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hauv paus apse. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj muaj tus ncej.
External parts
Los ntawm kab lus no koj twb tau kawm keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok kuj tseem ceeb rau ntau cov ntsiab lus sab nraud zoo kawg thiab zoo kawg li. Piv txwv li, ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev, ib tug yuav pom ib tug yoov tshaj cum npog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lawv, ua kom tiav txhua txhua strands, muaj ib tug stepped sab saum toj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas yog nyuaj los ntawm plaub ntau zakomaras nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum, nrog rau ib tug siv ntawm ornamental kokoshniks nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub dome nruas.
Ntxim qab kawg, lub Cathedral ntawm lub AssumptionLeej niam ntawm Vajtswv, tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, muaj keel-shaped windows, kokoshniks, portals thiab zakomars. Tag nrho cov no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow architecture uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no lawv tsis tuaj yeem pom, cov duab ntawm lub qhov rais qhib, nrog rau lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej, tau hloov pauv ntau vim tom qab kho thiab rov tsim kho dua.
Lub Tuam Tsev tib lub sijhawm yog nyob rau hauv qab daus siab, mus rau sab saum toj ntawm nws cov duab yog me ntsis nqaim, uas qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tsev. Ib qho tseem ceeb feature yog cov qauv sab hauv, uas yog khub ntawm cov ncej sab hnub tuaj, hloov mus rau lub thaj apses. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom nthuav dav ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab hauv qab lub dome. Nws yog noteworthy tias tib architectural txheej txheem tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub Trinity-Sergius Monastery, tab sis ntawm no txhua yam yog ua kom raug thiab ilv. Vim qhov no, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis poob qhov pom kev sib npaug thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Txhua qhov kev faib ua feem yog qhov zoo nkauj heev, thiab nrog nws cov kev kho kom zoo nkauj, lub tsev teev ntuj sawv tawm ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Murals
Zvenigorod Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok tau pleev xim nrog frescoes yuav luag tam sim tom qab kev tsim kho tiav. Feem ntau yuav, qhov no tau ua los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev hais plaub peev ib puag ncig. Tsuas yog cov seem ntawm cov murals tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, uas nyob rau hauv 1918 tau pom los ntawm lub commission rau kev khaws cia ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj kos duab thiab archaeology Nikolai Protasov thiab lub restorer Grigory Chirikov..
Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ib tug Soviet kos duab thuam tau nthuav tawmib tsab ntawv ceeb toom nyob rau hauv uas nws tawm tswv yim tus sau ntawm lub frescoes. Hauv nws lub tswv yim, cov tswv uas pleev xim rau lub tsev teev ntuj yuav tsum tau koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv Rublev.
Tej seem ntawm daim duab uas cov neeg ntoj ncig nrhiav pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub nruas ntawm lub dome, nrog rau ntawm tus ncej sab hnub tuaj, hauv lub thaj, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb ces kaum.
Temple painting
Nyob rau hauv lub nruas ntawm lub dome peb tswj kom nrhiav tau ob kab ntawm cov yawg koob, thiab nyob rau hauv qis dua txoj siv sia muaj cov yaj saub cov duab. Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog tus duab ntawm Daniel tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Tag nrho cov fragments ntawm painting ua kom tau ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub cim style ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj painting nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias nws ua ke cov xim loj thiab pob tshab, nrog rau lub teeb draperies, nyias txhais tes thiab taw tau ua kom zoo nkauj li ua tau.
Ib qho me me tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm frescoes tau khaws cia rau ntawm phab ntsa sab qaum teb ntawm lub tuam tsev, uas tau raug kaw tom qab kev kho dua tshiab ntawm tis ntawm lub iconostasis. Ib tug connoisseur ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting, Viktor Filatov, txheeb xyuas nws raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug loj-scale scene ntawm lub Assumption ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv.
Eastern pillar paintings
Feem ntau ntawm cov murals tau khaws cia rau sab hnub tuaj pylons, uas yog thawj zaug npog nrog lub siab iconostasis, yog li lawv tsis tau kov thaum lub sij hawm tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev. Lawv lub dav hlau dav tau tig mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, sawv cev rau peb daim ntawv teev npe.
Sab saum toj ntawm lawv tau piav qhia ob lub khoom plig nrog ib nrab ntawm cov neeg dawb huv thiab cov kws kho mob, Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Laurus thiab Florus. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas lawv cov duab tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv pre-Mongolian ancient Lavxias teb sab pawg ntseeg. Cov ntseeg sawv cevtsis yog tsuas yog kho ntawm lub cev, tab sis kuj ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig. Hauv qab no yog cov ntoo khaub lig siab Calvary. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias cov ntawv sau no tau them nrog cov cim hnub so rau lub sijhawm ntev.
monastic motifs
Ob qhov xwm txheej ntxiv tuaj yeem pom ntawm qib qis. Nyob rau sab laug, ib tug tim tswv muab txoj cai monastic rau Saint Pachomius, thiab nyob rau sab xis, kev sib tham ntawm Monk Barlaam thiab nws cov thwj tim, Indian huab tais Joasaph. Ob lub phiaj xwm tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb phenomena. Lawv qhia meej meej cov xim uas cov tswv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd kho lub ntsiab lus ntawm monastic deeds. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog lees paub tias qee qhov kev txaus siab hauv kev tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm monasticism tuaj yeem ntsib ua ntej, tab sis qhov chaw ntawm cov phiaj xwm hauv thaj tsam tam sim ntawm lub thaj qhia tias tus cwj pwm ntawm nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb.
Qhov no zoo li txawv txawv yog tias peb suav nrog qhov tseeb tias Assumption Cathedral tau tsim los ua lub tsev teev ntuj hauv nroog, tab sis ua lub tsev teev ntuj. Ob qho ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fresco icons, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub zos iconostasis nrog rau lwm cov duab pleev xim rau ntawm cov laug cam. Feem ntau, cov tswv sib txawv tau ua haujlwm rau lawv.
Txoj kev ntawm Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm icon painting
Ntawm cov frescoes ntawm cov pylons, ib tug tuaj yeem paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th lub nroog icon painting, piv txwv li, nqaim cov duab nrog lub taub hau loj loj thiab cov ceg me me, cov kab zoo nkauj, vim tias cov duab ntawm cov neeg tua neeg. ua zoo sib xwsntawm inverted tais. Muaj kev xav tias cov draperies tau ntim nrog huab cua thiab tsis haum snugly tiv thaiv lub cev. Lub nyem nws tus kheej zoo li sib npaug, zoo li yog carved.
Tseem sawv tawm hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kua roj vanish nrog pob muag o thiab zoo li npaj kaw qhov muag. Tag nrho cov no tsim ib qho kev xav ntawm silence thiab concentration. Tib lub xeev yog hnov nyob rau hauv lub compositions ntawm lub sab phab ntsa, uas qhia ib tug kaj kev sib tham ntawm ib tug cob qhia thiab ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv. Qoj tes taw qhia tau tias ua tiav kev pom zoo thiab lees txais cov lus qhia. Tus tim tswv tsa tes taw qhia Vajtswv txoj lus qhuab qhia.
Zvenigorod qeb
Nws yog nrog lub tsev teev ntuj no uas qee qhov nyiam tshaj plaws thaum ub Lavxias teb sab icons cuam tshuam, uas ntseeg tau tias tau pleev xim los ntawm Andrei Rublev. Thaum lub sij hawm ntoj ke mus kawm xyoo 1918, peb lub cim tau pom ntawm no, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub npe hu ua Belt deesis tier. Nov yog tus Cawm Seej uas Muaj Hwj Chim Loj Kawg Nkaus, tus Thwj Tim Povlauj thiab tus Thawj Tubtxib Tes Haujlwm Michael. Tam sim no lawv tau khaws cia hauv Tretyakov Gallery. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tus thawj Deesis tier muaj xya los yog cuaj lub cim, tab sis cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv uas tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab twb nrhiav tsis tau kiag li paub.
Muaj kev tsis ntseeg txawm tias cov cim tau raug pleev xim tshwj xeeb rau lub tuam tsev no. Zvenigorod qeb duas kuj suav nrog ib lub cim uas piav txog Yauhas cov neeg ua kev cai raus dej, uas tau khaws cia hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj.
Masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb icon painting
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias Zvenigorod qeb yog suav tias yog ib qho txuj ci tsis yog tsuas yog hauv tsev, tab sis kuj yog lub ntiaj teb icon painting. Nws yog cov cim no, los ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm XV thaum ntxovxyoo pua, ze tshaj rau cov qauv Byzantine, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb.
Los ntawm lawv cov neeg sib tw Byzantine, lawv tau txais ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb, kev sib haum xeeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv yas, uas, tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab lub teeb. Tab sis cov yam ntxwv uas qhia lawv cov keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab yog kev nthuav qhia silhouettes, sonority thiab purity ntawm cov xim, kev xav qhib siab thiab cordiality ntawm cov duab.
Tus qauv ntawm cov cim no kom meej meej echoes lwm yam haujlwm los ntawm Andrei Rublev.
lub tuam tsev nyob qhov twg?
Chaw nyob ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok: Zvenigorod, txoj kev Gorodok, lub tsev 1. Qhov no yog lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm, yog li cov neeg tuaj ncig tuaj yeem tuaj ntawm no los ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Gorodok, ntau tus hais tias qhov no yog ib lub tuam tsev zoo kawg nkaus, uas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov cim ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow. Ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem pom qhov tseeb frescoes thiab cov cim pleev xim los ntawm Lavxias tus tswv ntau pua xyoo dhau los.
